From Research to Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

From Research to Practice - Assignment Example One of these investigates to rehearse show is the utilization of heparinized saline for the flushing fringe intravenous catheters was contrasted with saline (Keele, 2011). In this handy, saline was seen as more clinically powerful in keeping up the fringe catheters. Therefore to this examination, dominant part of intense consideration offices made a proposal use on patients just as a rich for the fringe catheters. Examination on malignancy weariness has been in progress for the most recent decade, and an exploration was directed on the impacts of dynamic and moderate exercise on patients experiencing dynamic disease treatment, and treatment. The outcomes demonstrated that dynamic exercise had positive outcomes on exhaustion, practical limit, action level and rest. From that point forward, this strategy is drilled in the treatment of malignancy related exhaustion which has been received by numerous disease treatment focuses, and therefore demonstrating that exploration can be incorporated and show achievement. Sooner rather than later, it is acceptable to utilize proof based examination in the field of nursing as it gives a wide decision of arrangement, and gives the right treatment to a customer. Proof based practice is significant for nursing, however its full usage is upset by the confirmations

Transfer of Property

THE TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT, 1882 PERSONS COMPETENT TO TRANSFER (Section-7 ) Submitted by: Ananya mohapatra BBA-LLB (A) fifth Semester 1082015 PERSONS COMPETENT TO TRANSFER (Section-7) Every individual equipped to agreement and qualified for transferable property, or approved to discard transferable property not his own, is able to move such property either completely or to some degree, and either totally or restrictively, in the conditions, to the degree and in the way, permitted and recommended by any law until further notice in force.Who is a Transferor? Each individual who is capable to contract according to the Indian Contract Act is additionally capable to move a property given that he is approved to move it according to the law. The term â€Å"authorized† necessities to accentuate. On the off chance that transferor isn't proprietor of the property he indicates to move he should show that he is in any case approves by law to move the property. Who is a Transferee? Undou btedly there is no such prerequisite that he should be equipped to contract.So, a minor, insane person everything they can be transferees. Be that as it may, a couple of impediments are there. First in the rent of rent both transferor and transferee must be major or in any case capable to make contract. Second, if a blessing is made to a minor, it must be acknowledged by its watchman. Aside from these, there may likewise be some extraordinary arrangements which join a few (dis)qualification to an individual needed to be a transferee. For Eg: S. 136 of the T. P. Act gives that officials of the court including judges and backers can't be chosen one of noteworthy claims.COMPETENT TO TRANSFER Under S 6(h) (3), any individual is capable to be a transferee, except if lawfully precluded. This area manages the competency of a transferor. The transferor must be-a) skillful to agreement; and b) have title to the property or power to move it if not his own. Capable TO CONTRACT This is a simila r condition as is ordered by S 7 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 for the formation of a trust. S 11 of the Indian Contract Act 1872 characterizes the ability to contract.The capacity to move must rely on the ability to contract, for without a precursor agreement to give and take; there can be no exchange by any stretch of the imagination. MINOR AS A TRANSFEROR The transferor probably accomplished the period of lion's share as indicated by the law to which he is subject. The Privy Council held that an agreement by a minor is void thus in this manner the exchange by a minor is likewise void. Albeit a minor isn't able to move, yet an exchange to a minor is legitimate. Neurotic AS A TRANSFEROR Under S. 2 of the Indian Contract Act 1872, an individual is of sound psyche to make an agreement in the event that he is equipped for comprehension and of shaping a discerning judgment with regards with its impact upon his inclinations. An agreement made by a neurotic is void under the Indian Cont ract Act 1872, thus additionally an exchange by him of his property is void. Excluded to get A legal exclusion to contract imports, as on account of a minor, failure to move. Such an exclusion follows when the owner’s property is under the administration of the Court of Wards, or of an official designated under Encumbered Estates Act.A judgment indebted person whose property is being sold in execution by the gatherer is likewise bumbling to estrange. Oral Transfer: Formalities of a Transfer Section 9 of the TP Act expresses that for each situation where composing isn't required an exchange can be made orally. The importance is that if composing isn't legally necessary property can be moved by conveyance of ownership of the property. Pre-requirements of a legitimate exchange: 1) Property must be transferable S. 6 2) Transferor must be skillful to contract and ought not be excluded under any uncommon law S. 3) Transferee ought to likewise not be qualified under unique law S. 7 4) Legal conventions legally necessary ought to be satisfied S. 9 5) Consideration and object of move ought not be in opposition to law or open arrangement S. 6(h) (A person’s direct in gathering rents and dealing with a home of the proprietor doesn't engage him to move the land as the landlord’s specialist; Balai Chandra Mondal v. Indurekha Devi, AIR 1973 SC 782. ) ____________________________________________________________________

Why Your M?rning C?ff?? I? Ev?n M?r? Im??rt?nt Th?n Y?u Th?ught

Why Your M?rning C?ff?? I? Ev?n M?r? Im??rt?nt Th?n Y?u Th?ught “Like ?v?r??n? else wh? makes th? mi?t?k? ?f g?tting ?ld?r, I begin ???h d?? with ??ff?? and ?bitu?ri??”. Bill C??b? Th?r? r??ll? can’t b? any ?dult in this gr??t big world that h?? n?v?r tried coffee. It i? ??n?um?d ?v?r?wh?r?, ?nd judging by the amount ?f St?rbu?k? l???ti?n? in the Unit?d St?t?? ?l?n? (in 2012, there w?r? 10,924!), ?nd other ??ff?? ???t? ?r?und th? w?rld. Obvi?u?l? w? l?v? ?ur ??ff?in?.And that’s ??rf??tl? ?k. In fact, there ?r? m?n? advantages to being one of th? 54 ??r??nt of Am?ri??n? over 18 wh? drink ??ff?? ?v?r? day. C?ff?? ??n be pretty ?m?zing for ??ur br?in, ??ur ?kin ?nd your body.Speaking ?b?ut th? ??ff?? indu?tr?, wh?r? ??ur ??ff?? is gr?wn and h?w it i? ?r??????d is ?riti??l t? th? quality of th? fini?h?d ?r?du?t. Alth?ugh growing ??nditi?n? can ?h?ng? from ?????n to ?????n th?r? are ??rt?in ?r??? in the World where th? ??nditi?n? remain ??tim?l and th? l?nd fertile.One ?u?h area is th? C?rdill?r? Central m?unt?in range of C?l?mbi?. At an elev ation ?f 6900 feet ?b?v? ??? level this f?rtil? l?nd i? l???t?d ?t the northern ?nd ?f th? Ej? Cafetero (C?ff?? Gr?wing Region). It? uni?u? l???ti?n has a year-round sub-tropical mi?r?-?lim?t? whi?h ?r??t?? the ??rf??t gr?wing conditions.Thi? provides th? highest ?u?lit? ??ff?? beans which ?r? l??d?d with antioxidants, h?v? a di?tin?tiv? ?m??th caramel n?t? ?nd a ?l??n strong fl?v?r.Th? ??ff?? indu?tr? h?? a l?ng history that ??n b? tr???d as f?r ?? 15th century, wh?n Ethi??i?, the ?rigin of ??ff??, ?x??rt?d ??ff?? to Y?m?n.Th? ??ff?? tr?d? soon expanded t? Eg??t ?nd th? Ottoman Em?ir?. With the growing of trade b?tw??n th? Republic of V?ni?? and th? Ottoman Em?ir?, coffee w?? intr?du??d to Eur???, spreading to Engl?nd, Fr?n??, G?rm?n?, Au?tri? and th? Netherlands.With Eur????n ??l?ni?l ?x??n?i?n, ??ff?? w?? introduced t? th? Am?ri??? ?nd A?i?, and ???n b???m? an im??rt?nt indu?tr? in v?ri?u? ??l?ni??, especially in S?uth America ?nd Indi?.The ??ff?? industry ?l?? ??urr?d slavery in South Am?ri??. T?d?? the leading ??ff?? producing ??untri?? ?r? ?till ?n the S?uth Am?ri??n ??ntin?nt.Mu?h has b??n h??rd and ?r?v?n about th? b?n?fit? ?f ??ff?? ?n h??lth during r???nt tim??. P???l? have m?v?d ?n fr?m th?ir b?li?f during early d??? that ??ff?? d??? n?t d? anything m?r? th?n ju?t giving th?t j?lt ?f energy due t? it? ??ff?in? ??nt?nt.S?v?r?l ?tudi?? have n?w confirmed th?t drinking moderate ?m?unt? ?f coffee (4-5 ?u?? a day) ??n ?h?ng? ??ur w?rld, like literallyTh??? beans ?r? m?r? m?gi? th?n J??k? ?nd one ?f th? most ?riz?d in th? W?rld. Du? t? th?ir high?r ???t, they ?r? ?ft?n u??d in ?m?ll amounts t? ?dd fl?v?r to ?x??n?iv? ??ff?? ?r?du?t?.A gr?undbr??king study ??rf?rm?d b? r????r?h?r? ?t th? H?rv?rd Publi? S?h??l of H??lth f?und th?t ?dult m?n ?nd w?m?n wh? dr?nk tw? t? f?ur cups ?f ??ff?in?t?d coffee each d?? h?d a 50% lower ri?k of suicide ??m??r?d to th??? wh? drank d???f ??ff?? ?r n? ??ff?? ?t ?ll.   In addition, ??ff?? contains many ?nti?xid?nt?, ?v?n mor e ?? than fruit? and v?g?t?bl?? ??mbin?d.It also contains b?n?fi?i?l nutri?nt? such as Vitamins B1, B2, B3, ?nd B5, ?? well as ??t???ium and m?ng?n???. And all ?f th??? factors can ??ntribut? to the m?j?r happiness b???t ??u will f??l fr?m indulging in a ?u? ?r more of w?rm ??ff?? ???h m?rning.H?w?v?r, depending on th? ?u?lit? of the coffee ?nd th? l?v?l? ?f nutri?nt? it ??nt?in? th?t f??ling can b? very diff?r?nt. Oft?n people ??n ?x??ri?n?? n?rv?u?n???, ?git?ti?n, ?nxi?t? ?nd a g?n?r?l increase in ?tr??? levels ?ft?r consuming ??ff??.This i? b???u?? ??ff?in? (??nt?in?d in coffee) is a catecholamine which ?timul?t?? th? r?l???? ?f ??in??hrin? and nor-epinephrine (Adr?n?lin ?nd Nor-Adrenalin). These stress h?rm?n?? ??n b? ?h?rt liv?d ?nd quickly r??l???d by a m?r? ?hr?ni? stress hormone called ??rti??l.Whil? ?dr?n?lin ?nd n?r-?dr?n?lin h?l? to m?biliz? stored f?t? f?r energy ?nd increase ?l?rtn???, ??rti??l released chronically l??d? t? f?t ?t?r?g? ?nd ?v?ntu?ll? ?dr?n?l f?tigu? wh? r? you feel tired all th? tim?.Drinking a coffee high in the f?ll?wing tw? ?nti?xid?nt?, ??ff?i? acid ?nd chlorogenic acid h?? b??n ?h?wn t? im?r?v? energy and ?l?v?t? m??d f??t?r ?nd for longer th?n coffee which i? l?w in th??? antioxidants.S?, if ??u w?nt a ??ff?? that will giv? ??u ?n?rg?, ?l?v?t? ??ur m??d ?nd burn fat ?u? ?ft?r ?u? th?n you n??d to ?h???? a high-?u?lit? coffee.If ??u’r? anything lik? an average ?dult, th? ?m?ll ?f fresh ??ff?? ?l?n? i? ?n?ugh to m?k? you d? a happy dance. Aft?r ?ll, wh?t’? n?t t? love? The d?li?i?u? t??t?, th? ??mf?rting f??l ?f a w?rm mug in ??ur h?nd?, th? rich ?r?m?, ?nd ?f course, the energy it gives you to tackle th? day.Th?r?’? a lot of ??nfli?ting inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut ??ff??, however, ?nd if you ?r? a r?gul?r ??ff?? drink?r, ??u may h?v? h??rd it ??n ?t?in ??ur t??th, m?k? ??u jitt?r?, ?nd k??? ??u u? at night.Like they say, t?? much of ?v?r?thing is b?d, but having a moderate ??ff?? intake (1-3 cups a d??) h?? b??n ?h?wn again ?nd ?g ?in t? h?v? num?r?u? science-backed health b?n?fit?, in?luding a d??r????d ri?k of many serious di??????.WHY YOUR MORNING COFFEE IS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT THAN YOU THOUGHT“The ??w?r? ?f a man’s mind are dir??tl? ?r???rti?n?l t? the ?u?ntit? ?f ??ff?? h? dr?nk”. Sir J?m?? M??Kint??h H?r? are some b?n?fit? ?f h?ving ??ur m?rning ??ff??.1. C?ff?? ??n h?l? wake you u?So that f??ling is not all in ??ur h??d ?ft?r ?ll! Th? ??ff?in? in ??ff?? i? wh?t h?l?? ??u to f??l m?r? alert ?ft?r drinking it. So even th?ugh ?ur b?d? i? ???ing ‘I n??d t? ?l??? ?r rest’ th? ??ff?in? acts ?? a ?timul?nt t? h?l? ??u f??l m?r? ?w?k?.And b??id?? The reason most ?f us r???h for th?t morning coffee in the fir?t ?l??? i? ?r?b?bl? t? w?k? u?! C?ff?in? ?ignifi??ntl? improves ??ur m?nt?l alertness by ?timul?ting th? central n?rv?u? ???t?m. It ????ifi??ll? ?ff??t? the areas ?f th? br?in r????n?ibl? for m?m?r? and ??n??ntr?ti?n.It’s im??rt?nt not t? ?v?rd? it th?ugh, as m?n? ????l? suffer fr?m ?t?m??h upse t, h??d??h?? or th? shakes if they ing??t too mu?h ??ff?in?.2. Ri?h in AntioxidantsCoffee i? ?h?lk full of antioxidants. S?m? ?tudi?? ?rgu? that ??ff?? ??nt?in? m?r? antioxidants than fruits ?nd v?ggi??. Two m?j?r ?nti?xid?nt? f?und in ??ff??, called polyphenols ?nd h?dr??inn?mi? ??id?, ?r? ??rti?ul?rl? adept ?t ??mb?ting free r?di??l?, whi?h ??n ??u?? ??llul?r d?m?g? that l??d? t? disease. S? drink u? t? k??? ??ur cells h??lth? ?nd fr?? r?di??l? ?t b??!In f??t, ??ff?? ?h?w? more ?nti?xid?nt ??tivit? th?n gr??n t?? ?nd ?????, tw? antioxidant ?u??r?t?r?. S?i?nti?t? have id?ntifi?d approximately 1,000 antioxidants in unprocessed ??ff?? b??n?, and hundreds m?r? d?v?l?? during th? r???ting process. Num?r?u? ?tudi?? h?v? ?it?d ??ff?? as a m?j?r ?nd in ??m? ?????, th? ?rim?r? dietary source of ?nti?xid?nt? for its subjects.Anti?xid?nt? fight infl?mm?ti?n, ?n und?rl?ing ??u?? ?f m?n? chronic ??nditi?n?, including arthritis, atherosclerosis ?nd m?n? types ?f ??n??r.Th?? ?l?? neutralize fr ?? radicals, whi?h ???ur n?tur?ll? ?? a ??rt ?f ?v?r?d?? m?t?b?li? fun?ti?n?, but whi?h can ??u?? ?xid?tiv? ?tr??? th?t l??d? t? chronic disease. In ?th?r w?rd?, antioxidants h?l? keep u? h??lth? ?t th? micro-level b? ?r?t??ting ?ur cells fr?m damage.Fin?ll?, chlorogenic ??id, an im??rt?nt ?nti?xid?nt f?und ?lm??t ?x?lu?iv?l? in coffee, i? ?l?? thought to h?l? prevent cardiovascular disease.3. A l?w?r Ri?k ?f Type 2 Di?b?t??T??? 2 diabetes i? a serious condition whi?h ???ur? when ??ur b?d? ?ith?r d???n’t ?r?du?? enough insulin ?r it r??i?t? in?ulin. Num?r?u? ?tudi?? ??int t? a d??r????d ri?k of T??? 2 Diabetes with d?il? ??ff?? ??n?um?ti?n.One H?rv?rd ?tud? ?v?n found th?t a ??r??n’? ri?k for T??? 2 Di?b?t?? decreased by 9% with ?v?r? daily ?u? ?f coffee th?? consumed.In r???nt years S?i?nti?t? b?li?v? that ??ff?? m?? be b?n?fi?i?l in keeping di?b?t?? ?t b?? in ??v?r?l ways:By h?l?ing the b?d? u?? in?ulin ?nd ?r?t??ting insulin-producing cells, ?n?bling ?ff??tiv? regulation of b l??d sugarPreventing ti??u? damageAnd b?ttling inflammation, a known ri?k factor for t??? 2 diabetes.   On? ??m??n?nt of coffee kn?wn as ??ff?i? ??id h?? b??n found t? b? ??rti?ul?rl? ?ignifi??nt in r?du?ing th? t?xi? accumulation ?f ?bn?rm?l ?r?t?in deposits (?m?l?id fibrils) found in people with t??? 2 diabetes. D???ff?in?t?d ??ff?? i? th?ught t? be as b?n?fi?i?l, or more ??, th?n r?gul?r.Note: Th?r? i? some ?vid?n?? that ??ff?? d??r????? the sensitivity ?f muscle cells t? th? ?ff??t? ?f in?ulin, whi?h might im??ir th? metabolism ?f ?ug?r ?nd r?i?? bl??d ?ug?r l?v?l?.   Th? significance ?f thi? finding, h?w?v?r, i? ?till un?l??r.4. It’? a g??d w?? to Burn More FatTh?t morning cup ?f coffee m?? have ?dd?d b?n?fit? for ??ur waistline, too (?? long ?? ??u’r? ?ki??ing the whi?!) Y?ur metabolic r?t? i? how many ??l?ri?? ??u burn ?t r??t, ?nd it’? ?n im??rt?nt factor in m?int?ining a healthy weight.Studies ?h?w that ??ff?in? ??n in?r???? your metabolic r?t? b? 3-11%, helping you b urn a littl? m?r? f?t ?n a d?il? b??i?.Many ?tudi?? have ?l?? supported the b?n?fit of ??ff?in? ?n f?t l??? but due to the uni?u? combination of stimulants ?nd ?nti?xid?nt? ??ff?? may b? ?v?n m?r? ?ff??tiv? th?n ?tr?ight caffeine.C?ff?? contains naturally occurring caffeine, ??ff?i? ??id as stated earlier, theobromine, theophylline ?nd chlorogenic ??id t? n?m? a f?w. Th??? compounds have benefits ?n f?t m?t?b?li?m, ????tit? ??ntr?l, mood ?l?v?ti?n, blood sugar management and mu?h m?r?.Th? powerful ??mbin?ti?n of th??? ?lk?l?id? is lik?l? t? lead t? f??t?r fat loss th?t i? ???i?r t? m?int?in. Nature got it right, d?n’t isolate ?n? ??m??und wh?n th?? w?rk better t?g?th?r.5. C?ff?? L?w?r? th? Ri?k ?f P?rkin??n’?D?il? coffee ??n?um?ti?n ??n ?l?? h?l? r?du?? ?r d?l?? th? development of Parkinson’s Di?????. It’s believed th?t th? ??ff?in? in coffee ??n h?l? ??ntr?l movement or m?t?r ??m?t?m? f?r th??? ?lr??d? suffering fr?m PD as w?ll.Th?r? i? ?vid?n?? th?t people who drink ??ff?i n?t?d b?v?r?g?? such ?? ??ff??, tea, ?nd cola have a decreased ri?k ?f Parkinsons di?????. F?r m?n, the effect ???m? t? depend ?n the amount of caffeine ??n?um?d. M?n, who drink th? most ??ff?in?t?d ??ff??, 28 ?un??? (three to four cups) ??r d??, ???m t? h?v? th? gr??t??t r?du?ti?n in risk.But drinking even 1 ?r 2 ?u?? ?f ??ff?? cuts th?ir P?rkin??n’? di????? ri?k ?ignifi??ntl?. In w?m?n, th? ?ff??t d??? not seem to depend ?? mu?h ?n the amount ?f ??ff?in? ??n?um?d.M?d?r?t? ??n?um?ti?n ?f caffeinated coffee, 1-3 cups daily, ?r?vid?? th? most r?du?ti?n in ri?k in w?m?n. Int?r??tingl?, ??ff?? d??? not seem t? h?l? ?r?v?nt Parkinson’s disease in ????l? wh? ?m?k? cigarettes.6. Drinking Coffee Will M?k? Your Brain H??lthi?rC?ff?? offers a bevy ?f b?n?fit? f?r your brain â€" ?tudi?? have f?und that drinking 3-5 cups ?f coffee per day ??n d??r???? th? risk ?f developing Alzheimer’s di????? ?nd d?m?nti? by as much ?? 65% in middl?-?g?d men and w?m?n. Other ?tudi?? have f?und th?t drin king coffee d?il? can l?w?r th? ri?k of d?v?l??ing Parkinson’s di?????, a n?ur?d?g?n?r?tiv? disorder, b? as mu?h as 32-60%.S???ndl?, drinking ??ff?? ??n bl??k a particular nu?l???id? in th? br?in known as ?d?n??in?. Ad?n??in? d??r????? the firing ?f n?ur?n? ?nd th? r?l???? of beneficial n?ur?tr?n?mitt?r? within th? brain.B???u?? ??ff?in? inhibits ?d?n??in?, it increases th? ?r?du?ti?n ?f b?n?fi?i?l chemicals ?u?h ?? d???min?, serotonin, ?nd n?r??in??hrin?.7. C?ff?? can w?rd Off D??r???i?n“T? an ?ld m?n a ?u? ?f ??ff?? i? lik? th? door ???t ?f ?n old h?u?? â€" it ?u?t?in? and strengthens him”. Old B?urb?n Proverb Num?r?u? ?tudi?? have ?h?wn that moderate ??ff?? int?k? (1-3 ?u?? per d??) l??d? t? a reduced risk ?f depression. Coffee’s m??d-?nh?n?ing effects ??n b? particularly b?n?fi?i?l f?r w?m?n. A 2011 study in Archives of Int?rn?l Medicine followed 50,000 w?m?n ?v?r ??v?r?l d???d??.Th?? f?und th?t w?m?n who dr?nk 2-3 ?u?? ?f ??ff?? ??r d?? w?r? 15% l??? likely t? d?v?l?? d epression th?n their n?n-??ff?? drinking counterparts. R????r?h?r? believe coffee’s high ?nti?xid?nt ??nt?nt ?l??? a role in thi? m??d-?nh?n?ing benefit.8. Coffee D??r????? Ri?k of C?rt?in C?n??r?B???u?? ?f coffee’s ?xtr?m?l? high antioxidant content, it’? ?l?? th?ught to ?r?v?nt certain cancers. P?l??h?n?l?, ?nti?xid?nt ?h?t??h?mi??l? f?und in coffee, have demonstrated ?nti??r?in?g?ni? properties in ??v?r?l ?tudi?? ?nd ?r? thought to help reduce th? inflammation that ??uld b? r????n?ibl? f?r some tum?r?.Th? W?rld H??lth Org?niz?ti?n d??l?r?d th?t m?d?r?t? ??ff?? consumption h?? been ????ifi??ll? link?d with a d??r????d risk ?f ut?rin? ?nd liv?r ??n??r?.9. Decreased Ri?k of multiple ??l?r??i?Multi?l? ??l?r??i? (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the in?ul?ting ??v?r? of n?rv? ??ll? in th? brain ?nd spinal cord are damaged. That sounds really b?dBut In a ?tud? from The Journal of N?ur?l?g?, Neurosurgery, P???hi?tr?, researchers, it was f?und that at l???t 4 ?u?? of ??ff?? ??r day m?? l?w?r ??ur ri?k f?r MS, ?nd ?v?n prevent th? r????urr?n?? of multiple ??l?r??i?. R????r?h?r? believe ??ff?? h?l?? calm the n?ur?l inflammation responsible f?r multi?l? sclerosis.10. H?l?? Pr?v?nt Alzh?im?r ?r m?m?r? l???Alzh?im?r i? a progressive di????? th?t destroys m?m?r? ?nd ?th?r important m?nt?l functions. Coffee ??n?um?ti?n ?v?r many ???r? has been link?d t? a reduced ri?k ?f d?v?l??ing Alzh?im?r’? Disease.The ?ub?t?n?? trigonelline found in coffee ??nt?in? n?ur?-?r?t??tiv? ?r???rti??, and consuming 2-3 cups ?f coffee ??r d?? can ?ignifi??ntl? l?w?r th? ri?k of Alzh?im?r’? ?nd D?m?nti?.11. Im?r?v?? Y?ur WorkoutsW?’v? b??n conditioned t? b?li?v? th?t caffeine i? d?h?dr?ting, ?n? ?f th? ?rim?r? r????n? why fitn??? ?x??rt? r???mm?nd nixing coffee pre- ?nd post-workout.However, recent r????r?h ?ugg??t? th?t m?d?r?t? caffeine ??n?um?ti?n u? t? ?b?ut 500 mg or ?b?ut fiv? ?u?? ??r day d???n’t dehydrate ?x?r?i??r? ?n?ugh t? int?rf?r? with th?ir w?rk?ut. In ?ddi ti?n, ??ff?? h?l?? battle fatigue, enabling ??u t? ?x?r?i?? longer.C?ff?in? is a ??rf?rm?n?? and endurance ?nh?n??r; n?t only does it fight f?tigu?, but it also strengthens muscle ??ntr??ti?n, reduces th? exerciser’s perception of pain, ?nd in?r????? f?tt? acids in th? bl??d, whi?h supports ?ndur?n??.R????r?h ?ugg??t? th?t ??ff?in? int?k? prior t? a workout h?l?? im?r?v? ??ur ??rf?rm?n?? ?nd tr?in l?ng?r and h?rd?r. On? ?tud? in ??rti?ul?r, published in the Briti?h J?urn?l ?f Sports S?i?n??, f?und th?t people who dr?nk coffee b?f?r? running ?n the tr??dmill ?nd?d up running 4.2 ????nd? faster th?n the control group.Th? N?w Y?rk Times r???rt?, “S?i?nti?t? ?nd many athletes h?v? kn?wn f?r ???r?, of ??ur??, that a ?u? ?f ??ff?? b?f?r? a w?rk?ut j?lt? athletic performance, ?????i?ll? in ?ndur?n?? sports lik? di?t?n?? running ?nd cycling.”C?ff?in? in?r????? the numb?r ?f f?tt? ??id? in the bloodstream, whi?h ?ll?w? ?thl?t??’ muscles t? ?b??rb and burn th??? f?t? f?r fuel, th?r?f? r? saving th? b?d?’? small r???rv?? of carbohydrates f?r later ?n in th? ?x?r?i??.12. Your Liver l?v?? coffeeAn?th?r r????n to f??l g??d ?b?ut ??ur m?rning ?u?? C?ff?? drink?r? h?v? a d??r????d risk of ?irrh??i? ?f the liv?r, ???rring ?f th? liv?r which ??n l??d t? liv?r f?ilur? in some ?????. Drinking ju?t 2 ?u?? ??r day has b??n ?h?wn to r?du?? th? ri?k ?f cirrhosis b? ?? mu?h as 43%.It’s tru?: In ?dditi?n t? lowering th? ri?k of liv?r ??n??r, coffee consumption has b??n linked to a lower in?id?n?? ?f ?irrh??i?, ?????i?ll? alcoholic cirrhosis.A study in the Ar?hiv?? ?f Int?rn?l M?di?in? demonstrated ?n inverse ??rr?l?ti?n between in?r????d coffee consumption and a d??r????d risk ?f cirrhosis â€" a 20-??r??nt r?du?ti?n f?r each ?u? ??n?um?d (u? to four ?u??).S?i?nti?t? f?und an inv?r?? r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n coffee drinking and bl??d levels of liv?r enzymes. El?v?t?d levels ?f liver ?nz?m?? typically reflect inflammation and d?m?g? to the liv?r. Th? m?r? ??ff?? ?ubj??t? drank, th ? lower th?ir l?v?l? ?f ?nz?m??.13. R?du??d Str?k? Ri?kDid you know th?t up t? 15 million ????l? a year ?uff?r a ?tr?k?? Or th?t it’? th? l??ding ??u?? ?f disability ?ft?r d?m?nti??R?du?ing your ri?k ?f ?tr?k? in?lud?? taking ??v?r?l steps, one ?f them b?ing to quit smoking if ??u ?urr?ntl? do. But it ?l?? turn? ?ut th?t ??ur d?il? cup ?f ??ff?? can ?ut ??ur risk of ?tr?k?.D?t? from ??v?r?l ?tudi?? h?? ?ugg??t?d that drinking ?t l???t 2 ?u?? ?f ??ff?? a d?? ??n decrease ??ur risk of stroke b? u? to 14% wh?n compared to not drinking ?n? ??ff?? at all.14. Pr?v?nt? R?tin?l DamageA ?tud? fr?m the University ?f C?rn?ll f?und that an antioxidant in coffee can help ?r?v?nt retinal d?m?g? fr?m ?ging or glaucoma.Th? antixodant i? ??ll?d ?hl?r?g?ni? acid, or CLA f?r ?h?rt, ?nd it helps r?du?? ?xid?tiv? ?tr??? ?n th? retinas, whi?h ???ur? because it i? a thin tissue l???r th?t r??uir?? high levels ?f ?x?g?n, but t?? much ?xid?tiv? stress causes ???r eyesight, r?tin?l d?g?n?r?ti?n, ?nd vi?i?n loss.15. Tr??t? Migraine H??d??h??C?ff?in? i? ??tu?ll? a m?in ingr?di?nt in m?n? pain-relieving medications, ?? it isn’t surprising th?t for ??m? ????l?, treating th?ir migr?in? with a ?tr?ng cup ?f ??ff?? d??? the tri?k.However, ?v?r??n?’? body responds t? ??ff?in? diff?r?ntl?, and diff?r?nt h??d??h?? r????nd t? diff?r?nt treatments.Studies h?v? ?h?wn th?t if ??u are n?t a r?gul?r ??ff?? drinker, a strong ?u? ?f coffee can relieve a h??d??h? better than if ??u drink it everyday, ??t?nti?ll? b???u?? your b?d? i? m?r? used t? its effects.16. Coffee gu?rd? against g?utInd???nd?nt ?tudi?? ?n th? ??ff?? consumption ??tt?rn? of m?n and w?m?n ?ugg??t th?t drinking coffee r?gul?rl? r?du??? the ri?k ?f d?v?l??ing g?ut.R????r?h?r? in the Nurses’ H??lth Stud? ?n?l?z?d th? health habits ?f n??rl? 90,000 f?m?l? nur??? ?v?r a ??ri?d ?f 26 ???r? and found a positive ??rr?l?ti?n between l?ng-t?rm coffee ??n?um?ti?n ?nd a decreased ri?k f?r gout.Th? b?n?fit w?? ?????i?t?d with b?th regular ? nd d???f consumption: w?m?n wh? dr?nk more th?n f?ur cups ?f r?gul?r ??ff?? d?il? had a 57 ??r??nt decreased risk ?f g?ut; gout ri?k d??r????d 22 ??r??nt in w?m?n wh? dr?nk b?tw??n one ?nd thr?? ?u?? daily; and one cup ?f decaf ??r d?? w?? ?????i?t?d with a 23 ??r??nt r?du??d ri?k ?f g?ut wh?n ??m??r?d to the w?m?n who didn’t drink ??ff?? ?t ?ll.Simil?r findings have been documented f?r m?n: another l?rg?-???l? study, ?ubli?h?d in th? journal Arthriti? Rh?um?ti?m, f?und that men wh? dr?nk f?ur to fiv? ?u?? ?f ??ff?? per d?? d??r????d their ri?k of g?ut by 40 ??r??nt, ?nd th?t those who ??n?um?d six ?u?? ?r m?r? l?w?r?d g?ut ri?k by 60 percent.According to th? Nur???’ H??lth Study, coffee’s ?nti?xid?nt properties m?? d??r???? th? ri?k of gout b? d??r???ing in?ulin, whi?h in turn lowers uri? ??id l?v?l? (high ??n??ntr?ti?n? of uric ??id ??n ??u?? g?ut).17. In?r????? Y?ur LongevityFor ?ll th? controversy ?v?r ??ff??, th? d??r????d ri?k of so m?n? ?h??i??l diseases and th? m?nt?l b?n?fit? h?v? u? d?light?d th?t w? ??n ??ntinu? t? ?nj?? our coffee ?ddi?ti?n…?r, we m??n habit.Of ??ur??, ??n?uming ??ff?? in m?d?r?ti?n i? diff?r?nt th?n ?tt?m?ting t? ?l??n St?rbu?k? ?ut ?v?r? dayâ€"and ?? w?’v? di??u???d, ?x???? sugar ?r artificial fl?v?ring in ??ur coffee w?n’t k??? ??u h??lth?.But good ?ld f??hi?n?d ??ff??â€"bl??k ?r with some n?tur?l ?r??m?r ?r almond milkâ€"??n h?l? you liv? l?ng?r.S?v?r?l ?tudi?? suggest th?t you can d??r???? ??ur ri?k of d?ing fr?m disease by u? t? 24% with a r?gul?r ??ff?? h?bit. S? drink u? (in m?d?r?ti?n) ?nd h?v? a cup ?r two t? ??ur h??lth.TI?? TO M?K? SUR? Y?UR C?FF?? IS H?L?ING, NOT HURTING YOUR H??LTHC?ff?? ?ff??t? everyone diff?r?ntl?, but ?v?r?ll th?r? ?r? a f?w thing? t? ??n?id?r m?king ?ur? ??ur ??ff?? i? keeping ??u h??lth? and n?t d?ing ??u h?rm.So how much ??ff?? i? h??lth?, ?nd h?w mu?h i? t?? much? Tw? to thr?? eight-ounce cups ??r d?? is ??n?id?r?d moderate; heavy ??ff?? drink?r? ??n?um? f?ur ?u?? ?r more d?il?.R?m ?mb?r, th? ?m?unt ?f caffeine ??r ??ff?? beverage varies depending upon th? preparation and style of beverage. Eight ?un??? ?f br?w?d coffee may contain as littl? as 80 t? ?? much as 200 mg ?f ??ff?in? ??r ?u? (?n “?v?r?g?” cup ?r?b?bl? contains about 100 mg).L??k ?ut f?r extra sugar ?r fat: Cr??m, high-fat milk, ?ug?r?, ??ru??, and other ?xtr?? at th? ??ff?? ?h?? ??n ?dd ?ignifi??nt ??l?ri??. If ??u order a l?tt?, order it n?n-f?t. Ski? the fl?v?r?d syrups, ?nd ???? on th? whi???d ?r??m, whi?h can ?dd a whopping 100 extra calories to ??ur b?v?r?g?. If ??u b?l?ng t? th? gr?u? of people who t?k? th?ir ??ff?? black, ??u d?n’t need t? r??d this ?n?. But if you ?r? ?dding milk, ?ug?r/?w??t?n?r, ?h???l?t?, cream or even tu?king int? ??m? ??rt of ??ff??-fl?v?r?d-fr????-l?tt?-m??h?-?h?k?-with-?-twi?t th?r? is a good ?h?n?? that it contains more ??l?ri?? th?n you think. Ideally, ?ti?k t? milk ?nd ??ff?? if you ??n ?? this won’t ??u?? mu?h trouble with ??ur healthy eating plan. But l et’s ju?t say th?t a r?gul?r ?iz?d (335ml) Gl?ri? J??n? ??r?m?l l?tt? ??nt?in? r?ughl? th? ??m? amount ?f ?ug?r (6.5 tsp) and calories as 7 squares ?f C?dbur?’? D?ir? Milk ?h???l?t?.K??? your ??ff?in? int?k? in ?h??k: 1 to 3 cups of ??ff?? a day i? ??n?id?r?d m?d?r?t?, but caffeine ?ff??t? ?v?r??n? v?r? diff?r?ntl?. If you’re prone to ?nxi?t? or if t?? mu?h coffee hurts ??ur ?t?m??h, ?ut b??k. .Alw??? try to mix: if you ?r? having tw? ?r m?r? ??ff??? a day, try r??l??ing ?n? with a d?li?i?u? h?rb?l t?? t? k??? your ??ff?in? int?k? in check. This is ?????i?ll? important if ??u ?r? breastfeeding.Find a Quality Br?nd, Pr?f?r?bl? Organic: Th? ?u?lit? of coffee ??n v?r? greatly depending on th? processing m?th?d and how the coffee b??n? w?r? gr?wn. C?ff?? b??n? t?nd to b? sprayed with ??nth?ti? ???ti?id?? ?nd ?th?r ?h?mi??l? th?t w?r? never intended f?r hum?n consumption. H?w?v?r, th? h??lth ?ff??t? ?f ???ti?id?? in food are ??ntr?v?r?i?l. There is ?urr?ntl? limited evidence th?t t hey ??u?? h?rm wh?n f?und ?t l?w l?v?l? in ?r?du??. N?v?rth?l???, if you are w?rri?d ?b?ut th? ???ti?id? content ?f ??ur ??ff??, consider bu?ing organic coffee b??n?. Th?? ?h?uld ??nt?in mu?h l?w?r amounts of synthetic pesticides.Cinn?m?n to Y?ur C?ff?? wouldnt b? a b?d idea: Cinn?m?n i? a t??t? herb that mix?? ??rti?ul?rl? w?ll with th? fl?v?r ?f coffee. Studi?? ?h?w th?t cinnamon ??n lower bl??d glu????, ?h?l??t?r?l ?nd trigl???rid?? in diabetics. If you n??d ??m? fl?v?r, tr? ?dding a dash ?f cinnamon. It? ?ur?ri?ingl? g??d. Al?? Just m?k? sure t? n?t ?ut t?? much of it in your cup. Whil? ?m?ll ?m?unt? ?f cinnamon ?r? h??lth?, too mu?h may ??u?? ??m? adverse side ?ff??t?.Alw??? Br?w Your Coffee U?ing a Paper Filt?r: Br?w?d ??ff?? ??nt?in? ??f??t?l, a diterpene that can r?i?? ?h?l??t?r?l l?v?l? in th? blood. H?w?v?r, r?du?ing it? levels i? ?im?l?. Just use a paper filt?r. Br?wing ??ff?? with a paper filt?r ?ff??tiv?l? l?w?r? th? ?m?unt? of ??f??t?l but l?t? the ??ff?in? ?nd b?n?fi? i?l ?nti?xid?nt? ???? through. H?w?v?r, ??f??t?l i? n?t all b?d. R???nt ?tudi?? in mi?? suggest it has ?nti-di?b?ti? effects.D? n?t take C?ff?in? Aft?r 2 P.M: P?? ?tt?nti?n t? your b?d? ?nd wh?t works f?r ??u. If drinking ??ff?? in the late afternoon k???? you u? ?t night, don’t do it! C?ff?? i? ?n? ?f th? ri?h??t n?tur?l ??ur??? ?f caffeine in th? di?t. C?ff?in? i? a stimulant, which i? ?n? ?f th? main reasons coffee i? ?? ???ul?r. It giv?? you a j?lt ?f ?n?rg? ?nd helps ??u ?t?? ?w?k? when you feel tir?d. But if you drink coffee l?t? in the day, it can int?rf?r? with your ?l???. Poor ?l??? i? ?????i?t?d with ?ll ??rt? of h??lth ?r?bl?m?. F?r this r????n, it’? important not to drink ??ff?? l?t? in th? d??. If you must, ?h???? d???f or ??t for a cup ?f t?? instead, this ??nt?in? much l??? ??ff?in? than ??ff??. Abstaining from coffee ?ft?r 2â€"3 p.m. is a g??d guideline. Th?t said, n?t ?v?r??n? i? equally sensitive to ??ff?in?, ?nd some ????l? may sleep ju?t fine ?v?n if th?? had ??ff?? l?t? in the d??. Nevertheless, if ??u f??l like ??u could improve ??ur ?l???, ?v?iding coffee l?t? in th? day ??uld b? ?n ?ff??tiv? ?tr?t?g?.Ri?k? associated t? ABUSE ?f ??ff??Coffee: I? it helpful or h?rmful?Drinking t?? much ??ff?? ??n r??ult in some very unpleasant ?dv?r?? ?ff??t?. A???rding t? a ?tud? by r????r?h?r? ?t the Univ?r?it? of Oklahoma, ??ff?in? can ??u?? ?nxi?t? symptoms in n?rm?l individuals, ?????i?ll? in vulnerable patients, lik? th??? with ?r?-?xi?ting anxiety disorders.In addition, excess ??ff?in? use i? ?l?? ?????i?t?d with symptoms of d??r???i?n du? t? ?ith?r a ??lf-m?di??ti?n th??r?, ?r a th??r? that ??ff?in? it??lf causes ?h?ng?? in mood.Women who ?l?n ?n b???ming pregnant ?h?uld be ??uti?u?. Researchers fr?m the University of N?v?d? S?h??l of Medicine r???rt?d in the British J?urn?l ?f Pharmacology th?t regular coffee m?? reduce a w?m?n? ?h?n??? ?f becoming ?r?gn?nt. M?di??l N?w? T?d?? examined th? positive ?nd n?g?tiv? ?ff??t? of drinking ??ff?? in ?n ?rti?l? in Jul? 2012, Drinking Coffee: M?r? Good Th?n H?rm?Oth?r ????ibl? risks in?lud?:H?ving a n?g?tiv? ?ff??t ?n cardiovascular h??lth in young adults with mild h???rt?n?i?n di?ru?ting the b?d? ?l??k. In one ?tud?, researchers detected th? presence ?f m???t?xin? in ??mm?r?i?l ??ff?? samples, l??ding to ??n??rn? ?b?ut ??t?nti?l ?ubli? h??lth ri?k?.If ??u want to buy ??ff??, th?n th?r? is an excellent selection online with th?u??nd? of ?u?t?m?r r?vi?w?.Anxi?t? di??rd?r?: Th? ??ff?in? in coffee might m?k? anxiety worse.Bl??ding di??rd?r?: Th?r? i? some concern th?t coffee might make bl??ding disorders worse.H??rt disease: Drinking unfiltered (boiled) coffee in?r????? th? ?m?unt of ?h?l??t?r?l and other f?t? in the bl??d, ?nd ?l?? r?i??? th? l?v?l of h?m????t?in?, ?ll ?f whi?h ?r? ?????i?t?d with ?n increased ri?k of d?v?l??ing heart disease. S?m? r????r?h ?ugg??t? ?n ?????i?ti?n between h??rt ?tt??k? ?nd drinking ??ff??.Diabetes: S?m? research ?ugg??t? that ??ff?in? contained in ??ff?? might change th? way ????l? with di?b?t?? process ?ug?r. C?ff?in? h?? b??n reported t? ??u?? in?r????? ?? w?ll as decreases in blood ?ug?r. U?? ??ff?in? with ??uti?n if ??u have di?b?t?? ?nd m?nit?r ??ur blood sugar carefully.Di?rrh??: C?ff?? contains ??ff?in?. Th? ??ff?in? in ??ff??, especially wh?n t?k?n in l?rg? amounts, ??n worsen di?rrh??.Irrit?bl? b?w?l ??ndr?m? (IBS): C?ff?? ??nt?in? ??ff?in?. The caffeine in coffee, ?????i?ll? when taken in large amounts, ??n w?r??n diarrhea ?nd might w?r??n ??m?t?m? of IBS.Gl?u??m?: Drinking ??ff?in?t?d coffee ??n increase the ?r???ur? inside th? ???. The increase starts within 30 minut?? ?nd lasts for ?t l???t 90 minutes.High blood ?r???ur?: Drinking ??ff?in?t?d ??ff?? might in?r???? bl??d ?r???ur? in people with high blood ?r???ur?. H?w?v?r, this effect might be l??? in people wh? drink coffee regularly.Thinning b?n?? (osteoporosis): Drinking caffeinated ??ff?? ??n increase the ?m?unt ?f ??l?ium that i? flu?h?d out in the urine. Th i? might w??k?n b?n??. If ??u h?v? osteoporosis, limit caffeine ??n?um?ti?n t? less than 300 mg ??r day (approximately 2-3 cups of ??ff??). T?king ??l?ium ?u??l?m?nt? may help t? m?k? u? for ??l?ium that i? l??t. P??tm?n???u??l w?m?n wh? h?v? an inherited ??nditi?n th?t k???? them fr?m processing vitamin D n?rm?ll?, ?h?uld b? ?????i?ll? ??uti?u? when u?ing ??ff?in?.

Should Alcohol Drinking Age Be Decreased of Increased Essays

Should alcohol drinking age be decreased of increased? In my opinion it should be decreased because if we are classified as an adult and we are allowed to get married and etc. Why are we not allowed to drink. Lowering the drinking age would teach kids how to be more responsible at a younger age. If kids are just cut off from things, they are just going to find a way around it anyway. Kids just need to learn to do things in moderation. Because unfortunate, adults arent responsible with alcohol either. Maybe if they were not taught that drinking was a rebel thing at a young age we wouldnt have so many alcoholics or so many kids over doing it at parties. People use alcohol for numerous reasons; peer pressure, celebration,†¦show more content†¦I mean any way you put it, they are getting it. We have all heard of the famous saying â€Å"we want you to join the military and protect your country.† Well, you are telling me that I can legally kill someone at the age of eighteen, while I sign up with the military and go to w ar but I can’t have a sip of alcohol. Due to this none senseless situation, age should be equaled. In other words, if voting and military sign up is eighteen, then drinking should also be eighteen. Besides at the age of eighteen you are legally an adult. Why can’t we drink then? Drinking age in Australia is eighteen, and in UK is as low as sixteen in restaurants. Studies have showed that those teens/adults are perfectly fine. 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The sample consisted of 32 respondents out of 1000 students who were sampled using purposive sampling wasRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered908 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the Drinking Age should be lowered to 18? At the age of 18, American Citizens gain the immense responsibility of becoming an adult. When you turn 18 you gain a sense of adulthood and many things that were illegal for you before are now legal. Object lessons are the right to sign a contract, vote in elections, attend on a jury, make a will, get married without parental permission and the list goes on. For what reason is it that you aren t old enough to purchase and consume alcohol. The passage

The Undeniable Reality About A Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics That No One Is Telling You

The Undeniable Reality About A Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics That No One Is Telling You The Debate Over a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics The majority of the action is reached through dialogue. Structurally, the book isn't in chronological order. In addition, they are good in different types of essays. In the long run, it feels like the entire story the OA presents is made up. The Key to Successful a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics At the conclusion of the entire analysis, your verdict has to be given and it should underline the beneficial and negative characteristics of the book in question. His beliefs in all kinds of things help him to attain this status. There are some errors including some conclusions that the author of the summary appears to get inferred on her or his own. There a more local explanation arrives to have a bigger significance. Owen felt he had the right to, because it's his own opinion. At the start of the novel, it is clear that Owen is pa rticular. Finally, Owen was appropriate. Disappointed and angry, he promises that it will be a temporary assignment. At age 11, he's the magnitude of a 5-year-old. Welcome to bear in mind a terrific title for each atom belonging to on amazon. This completely free delivery on amazon. Put in your password and secure custom made video search keyword. Once more, it's tough to recognize gratitude if we are in the present time, especially if we are going through a personal crisis. Our life is similar to a pattern and we are not able to control some conditions, however there's a reason for why they occur. That very first line reveals this story will be about a person's life that had a potent impact. The absolute most important thing we're leaving behind is faith. Irving teaches not just the significance of following ones beliefs and miracles but likewise the significance of being true to your self and others occasionally. 504 John's confusion in destiny comes out of the simple fact he believes that anything is possible in life and that it's not a single enormous blueprint of earth. Johnny also realizes the value of prayer for a symbol of Owen. Thus, in that situation, I strongly suggest that you place your thinking cap and read on. Direct the man to our site and we'll provide the ideal definition to them. Owen's self-awareness and knowledge is the thing that allows him to feel he is headed towards the most suitable path. This includes any material you've got control over the time of tasks performed. He continues to reside previously. Owen is Christ-like in different ways also. Google Def Jam Poetry and you will get a chance to observe a number of the greatest in the company on the job. This linked to another upcoming event. Howeve r, the book is hard to call exclusively religious, and the narrator himself plays a big part within this. Hester is an extremely complicated character who's not given an extremely comprehensive treatment by Irving. But there are lots of laughs in this book, along with a more subdued humor. I really like that novel, Irving stated. Irving strikes the proper notes so many times because he's a story-teller in the genuine sense. He uses this great story to show us what being a true friend is really about. Offers a succinct biography of Irving's life, in addition to a summary of his fiction. If there weren't any room for doubt, there would not be any room for me. Your new assistant can be ready to go in as little as a few days! Jesse took on unique jobs in his spare moment. He chooses to look for the perfect answers and pace everything with each other to solve what John believe is unbelievable. The Unexposed Secret of a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics John Irving is thought of as one of the greatest novelists in modern literature. On a more analytical amount of the book, an individual can assume that John could be presented as a homosexual due to a lot of facets of his nature and way of life. Owen Meany learns a good deal about himself through the duration of his life. Owen Meany, throughout the book, proves he is something past the ordinary, regardless of the fact he was extremely tiny. He nevertheless requires each of the scripture and religion classes supplied by the academy. However, you cannot come out with a superior essay on a prayer for Owen Meany should you do not offer some comprehensive information explaining the significant characters in the job. The book is known as A Prayer for Owen Meany and several copies it's a closeup of engraved granite. The only reason you're a Christian is because you're afraid.

Developmental essay Free Essays

The term development means a progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation and experience. This means that development does not consist merely of adding inches to one’s height or of improving one’s ability. Instead it is a complex process of integrating many structures and functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many theorists have proposed concepts or theories on the developmental aspect during adolescence. One of these theories is Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development. The goal of developmental changes is to enable people to adapt to their environment in which they live. To achieve this goal, self- realization, or, as it is some times called â€Å"self- actualization† is essential. I have known an adolescent long ago, he was my neighbour. He used to be my childhood friend then. I have seen him since he was still five years old. During those times I already see him lacking the self- confidence, very pessimistic, he has fear of wrong doing and over control and over restriction of own activity. When he was in his school age, six to twelve years old; I was just surprised seeing him very creative, and already developed a sense of competence and perseverance. When he reached his adolescent stage, I noticed that he has a coherent sense of self and always plans to actualize one’s abilities. There will be a very great difference in the development aspect of a person if he belongs to an ethnic or a dominant culture. Development is influenced by many factors and these are appearance, behaviour, cultural stereotypes, cultural values, role changes and personal experiences. Behaviour is influenced by the environment the person has been brought up to. When behaviour changes are disconcerting, as during puberty and senescence, they affect attitudes toward the changes unfavourably. From mass media, people learn cultural stereotypes to judge people of those ages. Every culture has certain values associated with different ages. Because maximum productivity is associated with young through early middle age adulthood in the American culture of today, attitudes toward this age group are more favourable than attitudes toward other ages. Personal experience also has profound effects on an individual’s attitude toward developmental changes. Self- esteem greatly plays an important role in identity development of an adolescent. Self- esteem is one’s perception towards his self- worth, appearance and how other’s sees him in the society. So when one has a very negative or low self esteem then that would greatly affect his development and how he interacts with the people around him. Parents and teachers should let the adolescents explore and socialize. In that way they would develop their self- confidence. They should help them learn the degree to which assertiveness and purpose influence their environment as well as the beginning ability to evaluate one’s own behaviour. They should inculcate in their minds that every individual is unique in so many ways and that every person is indeed biologically and genetically different from every one. How to cite Developmental essay, Essays

Super Conductivity Is A Natural Phenomenon In Which Certain Materials

Super conductivity is a natural phenomenon in which certain materials such as metals, alloys, and ceramics, can conduct electricity without resistance. These materials are what we call superconductors. In a superconductor, once the flow of electrons begins, it essentially goes on forever, making it an important material to humans. Superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch scientist by the name of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. While researching properties of materials at absolute zero, this man found out that certain materials lost its resistance to the flow of electrons. For years to come, his discovery was at the head of theoretical interest. The only problem though, was that people at that time could not even think of a way to produce such a temperature, to allow materials to be superconductors at all times. This all changed in 1986 when Karl Muller and George Bednorz were working at the IBM Research Division in Zurich, Switzerland. They found a material that reached superconductivity at around 35 degrees Kelvin or ?238 degrees Celsius. In the next year, a team of Chinese-American physicists declared that they had found a material that reached superconductivity at 92 degrees Kelvin. This was a big improvement. 92 degrees Kelvin is not a very high temperature, in fact, it is the equivalent of ?181 degrees Celsius. Locating superconducting material above 77 degree Kelvin is a good thing because it means that the material will be easily produced and used. A theoretical understanding of superconductivity was advanced in 1957 by American physicists John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer. Their Theories of Superconductivity became know as the BCS theory (which came from each mans last name) and won them a Nobel prize in 1972. The BCS theory explained superconductivity at temperatures close to absolute zero. However, at higher temperatures and with different superconductor systems, the BCS theory has consequently became insufficient to fully explain electron behavior. The Type 1 category of superconductors is basically made up of pure metals that normally show conductivity at room temperature. They require really cold temperatures to slow down molecular vibrations enough to facilitate unrestrained electron flow in agreement to the BCS theory. BCS theory suggests that electrons team up in cooper pairs in order to help each other overcome molecular obstacles. Type 1 superconductors were discovered first and require the coldest temperatures to become superconductive. They are characterized by a very sharp transition to a superconducting state. Ironically, copper, silver and gold, three of the best metallic conductors, do not rank among the superconductive elements. Except for the elements vanadium and niobium, Type 2 superconductors consists of metallic compounds and alloys. The recently discovered superconducting perovskites or superconducting ceramics belong to this Type 2 group. Type 2 superconductors differ from Type 1 in that their transition from a normal to a superconducting state is regular across a region of mixed behavior. A Type 2 superconductor will also allow some invasion by an outer magnetic field into its surface. A Type 1 superconductor won't. Super conductors have many uses. They are used in trains as magnetic-levitation devices, which makes certain trains appear to float while in motion. Superconductors are also used medically in MRI's and commonly in electric generators, making them more efficient.

Free Essays on Interest Groups

Interest Groups Interest groups are a group of people who share common traits, attitudes, beliefs, and/or objectives who have formed a formal organization to serve specific common interests of the membership. Examples of interest groups would include such disparate organizations as the Auburn Chamber of Commerce, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the elementary school P.T.A., the Teamsters Union, the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Numismatics Association, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Brangus Breeders Association, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Cosa Nostra, and the Benevolent Order of Elks. Interest groups typically have formal admission to membership, dues, elected officers, by-laws and regular meetings, and they often provide information and regular opportunities for communication through newsletters or magazines, sponsor recreational or educational activities, organize volunteer public service projects, make deals for g roup discounts or group insurance and so on. Larger interest group organizations may have full-time paid officers or professional staff to manage and to supplement the efforts of member-volunteers in furthering the work of the organization. Many interest groups at least occasionally engage in some form of lobbying or other political activities with respect to issues that touch directly on the common interests that are the organization's reason for being for example, the PTA may organize support for a bond issue election to pay for erecting a new school building. Some interest groups have political activity as their principal or only reason for being in the first place. Interest groups that exist primarily for exerting political influence as a means of affecting government policies or legislation are often referred to by the narrower term pressure groups. Since more and more activities have become politicized with the expansion of... Free Essays on Interest Groups Free Essays on Interest Groups Interest Groups Interest groups are a group of people who share common traits, attitudes, beliefs, and/or objectives who have formed a formal organization to serve specific common interests of the membership. Examples of interest groups would include such disparate organizations as the Auburn Chamber of Commerce, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the elementary school P.T.A., the Teamsters Union, the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Numismatics Association, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Brangus Breeders Association, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Cosa Nostra, and the Benevolent Order of Elks. Interest groups typically have formal admission to membership, dues, elected officers, by-laws and regular meetings, and they often provide information and regular opportunities for communication through newsletters or magazines, sponsor recreational or educational activities, organize volunteer public service projects, make deals for g roup discounts or group insurance and so on. Larger interest group organizations may have full-time paid officers or professional staff to manage and to supplement the efforts of member-volunteers in furthering the work of the organization. Many interest groups at least occasionally engage in some form of lobbying or other political activities with respect to issues that touch directly on the common interests that are the organization's reason for being for example, the PTA may organize support for a bond issue election to pay for erecting a new school building. Some interest groups have political activity as their principal or only reason for being in the first place. Interest groups that exist primarily for exerting political influence as a means of affecting government policies or legislation are often referred to by the narrower term pressure groups. Since more and more activities have become politicized with the expansion of...

Harvard Law - Profile of Harvard Law School

Harvard Law - Profile of Harvard Law School The countrys oldest law school in continuous operation, Harvard Law School (HLS) is part of Harvard University and one of five  Ivy League law schools. It is generally ranked in the top five of the countrys law schools by  U.S. News and World Report  (currently #2), and is one of the most selective, with a 2007 acceptance rate of 11%. Harvard Law Schools 3-year full-time Juris Doctor (J.D.) program operates from mid-August to mid-May; no part-time or evening programs are available. Housing information is available through  Harvard Law School Housing. Contact Information Admissions Office, Austin Hall1515 Massachusetts AvenueCambridge, MA 02138(617) 495-3179 Email: jdadmisslaw.harvard.eduWebsite:  law.harvard.edu Fast Facts (Class of 2019) Enrollment Information Applicants: 5,231Total enrollment: 561 Women: 47%Students of color: 44%International: 15% Student to Faculty Ratio: 11.8:1 GPA/LSAT Scores LSAT 25/75 Percentile: 170/175GPA 25/75 Percentile: 3.75/3.96Costs and Fees (2015-2016) Tuition: $57,200Total estimated budget: $85,000Application Procedures Application fee: $85Application dates: Apply between September 15 and February 1 for admission the following fall. Harvard Law School strongly encourages application through the  Law School Admission Council  (LSAC), but you can also get a paper copy from the  schools website. In addition to the application form and fee, applicants must submit: Statement FormPersonal StatementTwo Letters of RecommendationResume See Harvards checklist  here. Transfer Procedures Competition for transfer admission is high. Transfer applicants must have completed one year (or 1/3 of credits required in a part-time program) at an ABA-accredited law school. Transfer applicants must complete the  online application; the deadline for applying is June 15. For more information on transferring to Harvard Law School, see  Transfer Admission. Degrees and Curriculum For the full list of requirements for earning a Juris Doctor degree, see  Requirements for the J.D. Degree. The first-year curriculum includes Civil Procedure, Contracts, Criminal Law, International or Comparative Law, Legislation and Regulation, Property, Torts, First-Year Legal Research and Writing, which includes the First-Year Ames Moot Court Program, and a minimum of two and a maximum of four elective credits. Students choose all courses during the second and third years of study. Harvard offers several  joint degree programs  in which students can earn a J.D. along with another professional degree from one of Harvards graduate or professional schools, including a  coordinated J.D./Ph.D program; applications to the programs must be filed separately. Harvard Law School also offers degree programs for  Master of Laws (LL.M.)  and  Doctor of the Science of Law (J.S.D.). Study Abroad Harvard has several opportunities for students to study abroad, including a  combined J.D./L.L.M. program with Cambridge University,  semesters abroad  in locations such as Switzerland, Australia, China, Japan, Brazil Chile, and South Africa, and a special  winter term  in various places. Law Journals and Other Activities Harvard Law School has 15  student journals, including  Harvard Law Review,  Harvard International Law Review,  Journal of Law and Gender, and the  Latino Law Review. Along with many  student organizations, the law school has specialized  Programs and Centers  for specific legal interests including the Child Advocacy Program, East Asian Legal Studies Program, and the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice. Bar Exam Passage Rate A majority of Harvard Law students take the New York State Bar Exam and, in 2007, achieved a 97.1% pass rate. The overall pass rate for the NY Bar Exam was 77%. Post-Graduation Employment From the 2014 graduating class, 91.5% were employed at graduation and 96.9% were employed 10 months after graduation. The median starting salary in the private sector was $160,000, and $59,000 in the public sector. 60.9% percent of the Class of 2014 secured work in law firms, 19% received judicial clerkships, 14.6% went to public interest or government positions, 4.7% entered the business field, and less than one percent entered academia. Harvard Law School in the News Law School Faculty and Staff Commend Student ActivismHarvard Law Weighs InCommittee exploring whether Harvard Law School shield should be changed

Business Research Individual Work 1 Week 3 Essay

Business Research Individual Work 1 Week 3 - Essay Example In order to establish such strategies, the company can carry out research on the economic environment of the emerging nations (Apple Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2014). For example, Asian emerging economies such as India may form a lucrative market for Apple products. However, a rigorous research is needed to identify the factors defining the business market in such economies. Business research can solve Apple’s problem of venturing into emerging nations as it has the capacity to provide specific information regarding the emerging markets. For example, research can provide relevant information on the pricing strategies that Apple should rely on if it is to penetrate such markets. Moreover, research will help the Apple Company identify potential barriers that it may face as it penetrates the new markets and give it an advantage to develop strategies for addressing the challenges it may face (Zikmund, 2013). A research proposal has several components which are considered as important. The first component is the statement of the problem whereby the researcher describes the context of the research topic and describes the research question that will be addressed. The second component involves a review of the available literature. In developing a literature review, the researcher considers both relevant and recent sources related to the research topic. The third component is the statement of the hypothesis. Evidently, each research project has a set of hypotheses that it seeks to either accept or reject depending on the findings of the research (Zikmund, 2013). The fourth component is a description of the methodology to be used in the research. This involves presenting details of the sample size, the proposed sampling technique, and the instruments to be used in the research. Under methodology, the researcher also describes the research design in details and presents

Collaboration of Nurses on the Prevention and Management of Pressure Research Paper

Collaboration of Nurses on the Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers - Research Paper Example Because of this, it is necessary to gather relevant data while the measures are being implemented. This data will then be the basis of whether the use of that particular guideline will be continued or not. STEPS IN PREVENTING PRESSURE ULCERS UTILIZING LITERATURE REVIEW To use the obtained articles in order to derive the most up-to-date standard of care in preventing pressure ulcers, the main points of each of the studies were listed down. From the list, the common themes were put together, and these common themes, together with the other ones, were used to make a logical concept map regarding the best approach to take in preventing pressure ulcers, from the development of guidelines to their implementation. CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RESEARCH Both quantitative and qualitative studies have been conducted in order to determine the set of guidelines that work best in prevention of pressure ulcers, and most have recognized that the following of guidelines is dependent upon several factors. How ever, a change in behavioral attitude must be apparent from the development of guidelines down to its implementation (Armstrong, et al., 2008; Delmore, Lebovits, Baldock, Suggs, & Ayello, 2011), Prevention as priority In trying to prevent ulcers, a change in attitude, in that prevention of pressure ulcers becomes a priority for the patient care center, whether at hospital or at home, should be first and foremost. This is necessary in order to initiate the development and implementation of guidelines deemed effective for during patient care, which involves identifying and correcting flaws, as well as continuously reviewing procedures in place (Delmore, Lebovits, Baldock, Suggs, & Ayello, 2011) Making the guidelines: framework For those that have made the decision of making the prevention of pressure ulcers as priority, different sectors of the American healthcare industry have suggested a framework from which healthcare providers and caregivers can follow to provide the acceptable ca re for preventing pressure ulcers. This includes 1) providing the necessary information not only to caregivers but to patients as well, 2) facilitating communication between caregivers and patients, and 3) standardizing toolkits and protocols. All of these are necessary in the prevention of pressure ulcers among inpatients (Armstrong, et al., 2008). No specific standards have been provided to foster the development of a guideline specific for the needs and capabilities of the patient care setting. Catering guidelines to specific situations A guideline specific for the patient care setting to which it is meant to be used is important. In fact, according to experienced nurses, pressure ulcer prevention at home is more complex compared to that used in nursing homes and hospitals, in that it should consider whether 1) appropriate to the economic and insurance status of the patient, 2) done by at least one caregiver that has the ability to provide the suggested care to the patient, and 3 ) knowledge of supply vendors in order to obtain supplies and material needed in the care of patient (Bergquist-Beringer & Daley, 2011). In addition, guidelines should be easy for caregivers to use. Using protocols in documentation as analogy, Friesen, Vivanco, Haydaman, Hamel, & McLeod (2012) pointed out that despite the presence of a standardized guideline,

Relationship Between CSR and FTSE 100 Companies

Relationship Between CSR and FTSE 100 Companies Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In todays business world the phrase corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a relevant and frequently discussed topic. By definition it is the non-profit activities engaged by a business concern that aids the society, economy and the environment. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has defined CSR as â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community, and the society at large.† (WBSCD, 2000) Modern business concerns place CSR in high priority. In the fifth global CEO survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers World Economic Forum concluded that 70 per cent of chief executives around the world have the opinion that corporate social responsibility is fundamental in the process of profit making in the business. In the Western European region, 68 per cent of the big companies have joined the triple bottom-line performance namely the economic, social and environmental factors along with financial performance whereas in the United States, this figure is 41 per cent (PricewaterhouseCoopers/BSI Global Research Inc, 2002). However 80 per cent of the company managers in the US are of the opinion that CEOs status is a factor of major influence on corporate reputation, although interestingly this value is just 56 per cent in the UK. According to Business in the Community, more than 70 per cent of business leaders believe that incorporating responsible business activities makes busin ess concerns more competitive and profitable. (Hancock, 2006) 1.1 Why was this topic selected? If the topic doing research to find out if there is a relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the corporate financial performance (CFP) of a company is able to find out with positive outcome and relationship between the two, then it may be an eye opener to various entrepreneurs to the various financial benefits CSR can bring about to business. This is so especially in the medium and small scale industries, which are yet to fully utilise the CSR in their business routines. From a common person point of view, when large corporations and business concerns take part in community relief and environment friendly activities, it makes a whole lot of difference to the society and the environment. So it is greatly beneficial for humankind to explore and bring out to light the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the firms financial performance. 1.2 Background of CSR: Many of the ideals and customs of the corporate social responsibility have references dating back to the 19th century. But it was during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States that there was resurgence in the mindset of people towards this phenomenon. It was during this period that various modern policies of civil regulation were invented. This includes the social audits, social investment funds, voluntary codes of conduct, recognitions for social and environmental activities and more commonly the use of corporations as potential places for political activity. During that period there were many protests and demonstrations like the boycott of Dow Chemical in 1970. There was also a campus-led movement pressuring firms to retract from South Africa in the 1970s which was similar to the challenges faced by the corporations having investments in countries like Burma and Sudan. Since the 1990s many companies form America and Europe that have headquarters either in the United States or Europe have taken aboard some voluntary standards for employment states, environmental activities and also regarding human rights. These fresh measures have since then became standardised in many companies, corporations and other agencies. These new measures have been monitored and reported. These initiatives that were not heavily legal have since been the standard setter for what is known today as corporate social responsibility. Some of the fresh changes that were brought about by this civil regulation were: (1) A positive reduction in the amount of children hired for labour every year. A massive improvement in health and safety in various factories around the world which provide the large firms with products including shoes, clothes, toys, etc. (2) A cut down in the production of wood from endangered forests and animal habitats, which were used to manufacture furniture for United States and Europe. (3) Providing reasonable prices for some agricultural producers like coffee growers for their products. (4) A considerable decrease in the emission of greenhouse gases especially in the wake of the greenhouse effect. (5) A withdrawal of firms from Burma in the wake of the human rights abuse in that country. (6) Some more recent examples are the lowering of prices of drugs for AIDS and other diseases. After that companies have come forward and set examples of CSR initiatives for other companies to follow, even when there is no restriction on them in the countries concerned to limit their activities. For example Home Depots policies regarding environment have helped in the sustaining of some of the rainforests in the South America. The government of Chad cannot be trusted in handling their oil reserves properly. So ExxonMobils efforts to keep an eye on its royalty payments means that at least some of the money is not wasted. Indonesia does not have adequate policies to protect the environment. Therefore Chevron Texacos activities have protected the fragile ecosystem in Papa New Guinea. Having discussed that, it must also be said that the effectiveness of codes, such as the UN Global Compact, Voluntary Principle on Security and Human Rights, the Equator Principles, etc, are not very effective. The improvements are likely to happen, particularly if the monitoring and other measures are effectively carried out. One of the most outstanding obstacle standing in the way of these social changes is of course the cost factor. Many corporations do keep cost aside for these activities, but most of them have not found to be adequate. This is one of the reason researches have to be carried out that point to the connection between CSR and CFP, because CEOs and managers should be aware of the possibilities created by CSR on the firms reputation and financial activities. So that firms can spend more time and money on their CSR and hence create good value for them, their stakeholders and ultimately the society. Today even countries in the developing world have started to demand bet ter working conditions and environmental safety for their environment. In countries like India people have been protesting against big companies for their discrimination. For example there has been a recent outbreak of protests in India against soft drink manufacturer Coca Cola for their indiscriminate usage of underground water and also its contamination, since underground water is a major source of drinking water through wells in many parts of India. CSR is also a factor that is good for a society regardless of it being located in developed or underdeveloped countries. It is a universal phenomenon that is advantageous. This contributes to its popularity and prominence. Some countries practise CSR ideally in their manufacturing hubs located in developing and underdeveloped countries. Some others stick to bringing about local changes and prosperity. For example the constructing of a school, university or a hospital is considered as a valuable contribution to the society. The company benefits from these activities because they indeed sow the seeds for future graduates who may become skilled employees for them. Also environmental activities earn sympathy and support from local authorities who may reduce taxes and other duties for the company on the basis of their humanitarian concerns. Later on in the 1990s there were protest against companies like Nike and Shell, and since then the importance of CSR has grown significantly. In 2005 a search on Google for â€Å"corporate social responsibility† would yield 30000 sites. There are more the 15 million pages on the internet with address dimensions of CSR. This is including 100,000 pages based on corporate websites. In 2005 Amazon had more than 600 books on the subject. More than 1000 business concerns have created and adapted signed codes of conduct which clearly states their individual stand on issues such social, environmental, animal rights and human rights. The numbers of firms that issue reports on CSR initiatives have gone up to 2000 in the year 2005.in the country of United States there were more that 200 social mutual funds in 2005, and they saw their revenues increase tenfold over a span of 10 years. Global organizations, such as the United Nations, the European Union and the World Bank and the Organizat ion for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), vigorously endorse the phenomenon of CSR. These governing bodies regularly monitor, advice, and award the efforts and initiatives taken by the companies every year. In the last two decades various charitable organisations have also sprung up, which work together with companies, and aids in their activities. Previously CSR was used only to address internal business ethics and policies. Nowadays this narrow view of CSR has changed and evolved into a variety of issue. Today a companys social venture could include initiatives to uplift education, poverty, unemployment, animal rights and other basic needs for community development. Some companies pursue more specific goals like aids relief, cancer research, disability support etc. For example firms established in the automobile industry may come up with safety programmes for motorists. Today in many countries, households have the chance to invest their money in various non-monetary savings and investments. In many countries, which are listed in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), special banks offer facilities in savings account where the customers are assured that the money will be used for environmental sustainability programmes, or to help some entrepreneurs, who find it hard to get money from other institutions. The target group for these investments have generally been women and minorities. Today the impact of CSR has grown so much that people even in countries like South Africa and Brazil has the opportunity to invest their savings in socially responsible initiatives that checks the CSR of the firms in which they invest (International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2003). Many companies contribute for the conservation of the environment by finding new methods for recycling and elimination of non-biodegradable compounds etc. Therefore modern businesses have realised the increasing acceptance of socially responsible companies in the minds of people, so much so that it has become a trend to undertake social initiatives by the business enterprises. 1.3 Reason for doing good: There are many opinions that reason the indulgence of business companies in non profit initiatives. But the commonplace one would be that the companies perform good activities because good things and image are preferred by the masses. The public argue that these activities impress the investors, business analysts, business partners and the potential customers. The whole picture will look good in the companys annual reports and maybe even the company may have some luck in the courtroom and the parliament. This ultimately gives a vital boost to the companys brand image and reputation. There are many distinct and underlying advantages for business concerns. The distinct advantages clearly give the business a boost in monetary terms, hence being a direct contributor to financial performance. The underlying advantages may not directly save money for business, but they indirectly become advantageous to the business and eventually bring about financial gains thereby affecting its performance. For example Chiquita a global leader in the manufacturing of bananas decided to follow an environment friendly approach which saved them more that $5 million in 2002 compared to the year 1997. The trick behind this was the implementation of smaller quantity of agrichemicals and the adoption of a paller recycling program which actually saved them more than $3 million a year. This however was only the tip of the iceberg. Chiquita had bigger, but much more discreet advantages, by adopting a more socially responsible image. The company which was previously a target of media backlash w as going through a period of damaged company reputation which was a threat to its business functioning. They turned this around with their environment friendly approach and activities. This change in policy also created a sense of pride among the employees and helped in developing a more open and clear communication with the media. These developments will ultimately increase the financial performance of the companies by ensuring their smooth functionality. A frequently referenced study is by the University of Southwestern Louisiana, called â€Å"the effect of published reports on unethical conduct on stock prices† confirmed that publicity about unethical corporate conduct reduces stock prices for a minimum period of six months. From a truly customers point of view, it can be said that in todays marketplace there are a lot of alternative choices for customers when deciding to by a product in the criteria of product, price and distribution channels. Researchers have shown that consumers base their purchase on reputed companies, that indulge in fair trade and other sustainable business practices including concerned about the society in which they operate, provided the price and quality of the products remains similar. As an example if a consumer had an option of two products that have similar qualities and price tags, the consumer would prefer the product that was produced by a ‘greener company (green being symbolic of the community welfare and environmental efforts of the company). 1.4 Aims of the project: This project aims to answer the following issues: 1) Is there a relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of a company? In addition the relation between the size of a company and the CSR is observed. 2) If there is a relationship, is the relationship positive or negative? 3) Discuss the various relationships between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. (CSR is measured by the value taken from the Business in the Communitys Corporate Index ratings and CFP is measured by the changes in stock prices before and after being rated in the Index ratings). 4) Evaluate the relationship between CSR and CFP in the FTSE 100 companies. 1.5 Structure of the dissertation: The introduction part of this dissertation includes a description about the aims and objectives of the research and the reasons for choosing this topic. It also contains a brief insight into the background of CSR and some of the previous researches conducted on this topic. Chapter 2 discusses in detail the various studies and researches conducted on this topic from the period between 1977 until recent times. The literature review also tries to bring out various points of view of different researchers and lays the foundation for this study. Chapter 3 or the methodology section discusses the various modes of data collection used in this research to arrive at the appropriate conclusion. This research utilises the share prices of a sample of 20 companies in the FTSE-100 for representing CFP and also their comparative ratings in the BITCs Corporate Index ratings to show the value of CSR. Alternatively questionnaires were distributed to obtain some qualitative data. Then in chapter 4 comes the primary research section which uses first hand data available regarding the companies to try to find a solution to the questions imposed in this study. It also discusses the 2 styles of data collection namely positivist and phenomenological styles. Chapter 5 consists of the discussion and conclusion section to analyse and compare the previous information collected in literature review and primary data research to arrive at a final conclusion regarding the topic. The result maybe positive or negative, nevertheless a result should be arrived at as per the available information and also so that possible recommendations can be given for further references and studies. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Studies explaining the different aspects of CSR-CFP relationship: According to Peloza (2006), the CSR and CFP can be analyzed from four perspectives In the above figure show the conflicting side against the knack of CSR as a provider to the firms financial ambitions. The far left depicts the antagonists of CSR who are of the opinion that any money spend by the firm on CSR are a complete negation to the firms economic gains, whereas in the extreme right are the supporters of CSR who claims it as a supporter of the firms financial goals. In the vertical axis separates the above two different views of CSR on the basis of a long term and short term approach. The long term managerial viewpoint on CSR involves a longitudinal approach to the evaluation of the effect of social schemes and the short term is for a static, cross-sectional perspectives that directs more on immediate effect or do not openly consider the time aspect. There are various arguments against CSR that can be shown on the 1st quadrant. Margolis and Walsh projected three main categories of these objections to CSR on the basis that it clashes with the business financial motives. According to them one of the explanations that opponents of CSR give is that the firms benefit society more when they create maximum profits for their shareholders. Another opinion was that individual shareholders should be the deciders of investing in social initiatives; the firms should only focus on achieving maximum profits for its shareholders. Finally they express concern that many shareholders are not aware of the social initiatives of the firm and are not given opportunities to have their say in them. The antagonists claim that the firms may make wrong decisions regarding the allocation of resources for social responsibility and hence they are not eligible to perform it. In quick contrast to all this, quadrant 2 depicts the protagonists of CSR claiming that it helps in the realization of the firms financial objectives. Various studies were conducted in relating to this quadrant. At first a value or positive CSR is paired with a firms performance indicator such as the stock price. Then a negative amount of CSR (for example harmful waste disposal) is paired with an amount of firms financial performance. The result in each of these cases was a positive relationship between the two. This is supported by a meta-analysis conducted by Orlitzky et. al in 2003 and other various studies conducted over the past 30 years, which generally discovered a positive connection between CSR and CFP. Also negative CSR has been associated with negative impacts on share prices. For example Shell Oil Company suffered a setback in share prices after an oil spill in 2001 in Nigeria. This is caused due to the negative CSR. A large number of researchers have favoured a short- te rm view of the time factor. They argue that majority of the firms expect to get positive returns on their investments in the same year. Former Chrysler CEO Bob Eaton once said that the organizations have a common goal of getting constant year-in and year-out profits from their companies in their portfolios. They do this because the shareholders everywhere follow a common rule: â€Å"if they are not satisfied, they sell† (Reich, 1998). According to Werbel and Wortman (2000) suggest that firms use these initiatives to temporarily ward off negative media coverage. However when we consider the ability of CSR to affect CFP in a bad way, several investigators are of the opinion in extending the short term perspective to a long term one. Taking the case of quadrant 3, even though the impact of environmental regulations on the business is only a limited one, still there would be a long term effect in the form of productivity slowdown Stavins (1994). Also there is an argument that when a firm takes up a social initiative, its competitors will start to match its actions and hence it will result in a competition which will prove to be costly and a subsequent decrease in profits. The researchers say that nowadays it has become a trend among big companies so much that every large companies are expected to do some investments in socially responsible activities by their customers; hence making it as a sort of tax. Nowadays researchers are beginning to consider CSR as complimentary to CFP taking into consideration the long term perspective as depicted in quadrant 4 in the According to the researchers the social objectives need not necessarily be in conflict to the economic objectives, but rather be a supplement to it. For example if a company funds a school or university in its locality, it actually paves the way for future employees that are well educated and support and develop the companys cause and also at the same time changing the social climate in the locality for the better. Another long term advantage that companies can muster by indulging in social responsibilities is the building up of reputation. A good reputation has always been associated with positive financial returns. Bhattacharya and Sen (2004) are of the idea that CSR builds a large pool of goodwill that firms can rely upon in times of crisis. Similarly McWilliams and Siegel (2001) say that positive CSR produces a reputation that a company is reliable and honest. 2.2 CSR in stakeholder theory: Stakeholder theory suggests that a company must not only try to meet the demands of its shareholders, but also those with the lesser explicit, or implicit claims (Gornell and Shapiro, 1987). Stakeholder theory also brings to light that implicit claims like product quality are actually less costly to a firm than the demands of its shareholders which are more explicit. The low social responsibility of the company may place doubt in the minds of its shareholders about the ability of the company to fulfill its implicit claims, and hence the shareholders may demand more explicit claims which may prove costly to the company. For example if the firms manage to evade from its environmental responsibilities (dumping of waste, usage of recyclable materials, etc), the government agencies and officials may impose strict regulations like duty, fines etc on the company. These circumstances may raise doubts in the minds of implicit stakeholders, who may question its efficiency. On the contrary soci ally responsible and environmentally friendly companies may be favored by the government and they might even get a reduction or exemption from certain taxes and duties on account of their actions. 2.3 CSR as insurance cover: Another important aspect that consolidates the positive relationship between CSR and the financial outcome of a company is the conceptualization of CSR as kind of insurance for the business which is especially helpful in the time of a crisis. CSR may help the company to create a good impression among the government authorities and helps the company to evade government impositions. This is difficult to evaluate when examining the relationship between CSR and financial performance, even though it indirectly affects the financial outcome. Davidson and Worrell (1992) advocated that the losses incurred by the firm due to a dent in their reputation is much higher than the physical costs incurred from actual event itself, such as product recall. Also in the same manner Blacconiere (1997) and his co-workers conducted various studies, and found out that firms with active environmental activities had a lower reduction in market value. A research carried out around the Seattle riots in 1999 against the WTO meetings came up with two conclusions. The research was conducted on 400 firms across a cross section of firms and found out that firstly there is a noticeable industry effect where companies with negative CSR ratings suffered incrementally over companies from neutral industries. They also concluded that once the industry effect has been removed, the positive outcome of the CSR ‘insurance is distinct. Specifically companies that had negative CSR had to undergo a stock market decline of double the times that of companies that were known for the CSR activities. Researchers have previously argued that firms with good name and status can overcome crises. For example is the Tylenol tampering in the 1980s, were Johnson Johnson suffered lesser economic problems, when compared with companies with bad reputation (Fombrun, et al. 1996). Fombrun (2001) also says that reputations have considerable concealed value that acts as a storage house of goodwill. During the time of crises they act to minimise the moral and financial damage to the company. Jones et al. (2000) have conducted a study taking taken a large number of companies to find out if their reputations can help them during a crisis. They discovered that firms in the better part of the Fortune Magazines annual survey of the ‘Most Admires Firms in America experienced lower market valuation losses in the stock market plunge that took place in 1983(SP 500 went down 7 per cent on that day), than the companies that were in lower part of Fortunes ratings. The capital in socially responsible investment funds have greatly increased in the last ten years. In 1990, only seven US firms issued their annual reports citing their social performance. But by 2004, 745 of these reports were release due to the increasing pressure on the corporate managers to do so. (corporateregister.com) These developments clearly brings to light not only the incremental profits by increasing sales, but also the capability of CSR to maintain sales and stock prices in the time of crisis. 2.4 Major studies done to evaluate CSR-CFP relationship: Researchers Sandra Waddock and Samuel Graves (1997) of Boston College made a study on two aspects of the topic: (1) Whether there is a positive or negative relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of a company, or if no relationship exists at all between them. (2) If the exists a relationship then, whether the financial performance was due to the previous practises of CSR or if CSR was a succession as a result of high financial performance. Waddock and Graves (1997) utilised the data collected from and independent research organization. The data was collected of all the companies in the SP 500. The data was calculated for each companys CSR performance based on a rating scale that integrated eight important attributes of CSR namely environment performance, staff diversity, staff relations, community relations, product features, military contracts and involvement in South Africa. The above attributes were then ranked according to their relative significance. This scaling method involving eight aspects of community welfare solved the problem of measuring the largely diverse CSR activities, which was faced by previous researchers. Waddock and Graves studied the links between CSR and CFP of 469 firms during the year 1989 through 1990. The firms were from different sectors of business industries including hospitals, aerospace, mining, publishing and utilities. The study made use of different figures of finance like return on assets (ROA), return on sales (ROS) and return on equity (ROE). The analysing of data from two consecutive years meant that the duo researchers could test the slack resources theory, which tests if better CFP leads to a better CSR in the consecutive year. The theory which finds out if a good CSR leads to improved financial performance, was called the good management theory. This theory was studied with CSR data in the year 1990 and compared with the CFP figures of 1991, therefore with a time lag of one year. The following results were unearthed from the survey: (1) The slack resources theory was found to be true. CSR of the firms were increased by the precedent financial success of the firms. (2) The good management theory was also proved as fine CSR activities contributed to the firms financial performance when measured using ROS and ROA. They came to the conclusion that the correlation between CSR and CFP can be attributed to a virtuous circle, in which both of them are mutually correlated. It is difficult to predict whether the cycle starts with CSR or CFP, but it is evident in the investigation that they are mutually correlated. Meta-Analysis: A prominent study conducted by Marc Orlitzky and Frank L. Schmidt titled â€Å"Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis,† was awarded the Moskowitz Price by the Social Investment Forum. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate social performance. The research was conducted by examining 52 studies that were published between 1972 and 1997, that contained a total of 33,878 observations. This Meta analysis utilises statistics to evaluate results of each different studies and adjust for the statistical errors. The Orlitzky Meta analysis concentrates on four major hypotheses: (1) In various industries and study contexts, CSR and CFP are normally positively linked. (2) Between CSR and CFP there is a bi-directional causality. (3) CSR is positively connected with CFP because of two reasons: (i) CSR boosts managerial proficiencies and organizational efficiency and supplies to knowledge about the companys political, technological, social, market, and other environments. (ii) A positive status and goodwill is created among the companys external stakeholders through CSR. (4) Most of the differences in results of some studies are due to statistical or methodological errors. The researchers then selected studies that carried out a quantitative assessment of the connection between CFP and CSR by taking into account at least one characteristic of firms economic performance, and met the given description of CSR. The CFP in this study is calculated by dividing into three forms namely accounting based, where accounting outcomes determine a firms efficiency; market-based where the investors returns are the determinant of market value and finally the survey results that shows the subjective estimates of a firms current position. While CSR is normally measured from CSR rating indexes, social audits, CSR disclosures and the organizations codes and values. The findings of the research were phenomenal. The researchers claimed that there exists a positive relationship between CSR and CFP across various industries and other study contexts. The following were their conclusions: (1) CSR had a stronger connection with CFP when using the accounting measures of analysis than when market-based measures where used. (2) Environmental development as CSR affects CFP of a company to a lesser extent when compared with other aspects of CSR. (3) The relation between CSR and CFP could be described as a virtuous circle in which a higher CFP motivates the companies to spend more on CSR, and a good spending on CSR will allow the firms to become more successful, hence increasing their CFP. The message of the research to the managers of companies were that money spend CSR is a good investment for the development of CFP. The research also found out that the managers use CSR as a tool for building reputation as previous studies have established that there is scope for reputation development through CSR. The disadva Relationship Between CSR and FTSE 100 Companies Relationship Between CSR and FTSE 100 Companies Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In todays business world the phrase corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a relevant and frequently discussed topic. By definition it is the non-profit activities engaged by a business concern that aids the society, economy and the environment. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has defined CSR as â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community, and the society at large.† (WBSCD, 2000) Modern business concerns place CSR in high priority. In the fifth global CEO survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers World Economic Forum concluded that 70 per cent of chief executives around the world have the opinion that corporate social responsibility is fundamental in the process of profit making in the business. In the Western European region, 68 per cent of the big companies have joined the triple bottom-line performance namely the economic, social and environmental factors along with financial performance whereas in the United States, this figure is 41 per cent (PricewaterhouseCoopers/BSI Global Research Inc, 2002). However 80 per cent of the company managers in the US are of the opinion that CEOs status is a factor of major influence on corporate reputation, although interestingly this value is just 56 per cent in the UK. According to Business in the Community, more than 70 per cent of business leaders believe that incorporating responsible business activities makes busin ess concerns more competitive and profitable. (Hancock, 2006) 1.1 Why was this topic selected? If the topic doing research to find out if there is a relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the corporate financial performance (CFP) of a company is able to find out with positive outcome and relationship between the two, then it may be an eye opener to various entrepreneurs to the various financial benefits CSR can bring about to business. This is so especially in the medium and small scale industries, which are yet to fully utilise the CSR in their business routines. From a common person point of view, when large corporations and business concerns take part in community relief and environment friendly activities, it makes a whole lot of difference to the society and the environment. So it is greatly beneficial for humankind to explore and bring out to light the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the firms financial performance. 1.2 Background of CSR: Many of the ideals and customs of the corporate social responsibility have references dating back to the 19th century. But it was during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States that there was resurgence in the mindset of people towards this phenomenon. It was during this period that various modern policies of civil regulation were invented. This includes the social audits, social investment funds, voluntary codes of conduct, recognitions for social and environmental activities and more commonly the use of corporations as potential places for political activity. During that period there were many protests and demonstrations like the boycott of Dow Chemical in 1970. There was also a campus-led movement pressuring firms to retract from South Africa in the 1970s which was similar to the challenges faced by the corporations having investments in countries like Burma and Sudan. Since the 1990s many companies form America and Europe that have headquarters either in the United States or Europe have taken aboard some voluntary standards for employment states, environmental activities and also regarding human rights. These fresh measures have since then became standardised in many companies, corporations and other agencies. These new measures have been monitored and reported. These initiatives that were not heavily legal have since been the standard setter for what is known today as corporate social responsibility. Some of the fresh changes that were brought about by this civil regulation were: (1) A positive reduction in the amount of children hired for labour every year. A massive improvement in health and safety in various factories around the world which provide the large firms with products including shoes, clothes, toys, etc. (2) A cut down in the production of wood from endangered forests and animal habitats, which were used to manufacture furniture for United States and Europe. (3) Providing reasonable prices for some agricultural producers like coffee growers for their products. (4) A considerable decrease in the emission of greenhouse gases especially in the wake of the greenhouse effect. (5) A withdrawal of firms from Burma in the wake of the human rights abuse in that country. (6) Some more recent examples are the lowering of prices of drugs for AIDS and other diseases. After that companies have come forward and set examples of CSR initiatives for other companies to follow, even when there is no restriction on them in the countries concerned to limit their activities. For example Home Depots policies regarding environment have helped in the sustaining of some of the rainforests in the South America. The government of Chad cannot be trusted in handling their oil reserves properly. So ExxonMobils efforts to keep an eye on its royalty payments means that at least some of the money is not wasted. Indonesia does not have adequate policies to protect the environment. Therefore Chevron Texacos activities have protected the fragile ecosystem in Papa New Guinea. Having discussed that, it must also be said that the effectiveness of codes, such as the UN Global Compact, Voluntary Principle on Security and Human Rights, the Equator Principles, etc, are not very effective. The improvements are likely to happen, particularly if the monitoring and other measures are effectively carried out. One of the most outstanding obstacle standing in the way of these social changes is of course the cost factor. Many corporations do keep cost aside for these activities, but most of them have not found to be adequate. This is one of the reason researches have to be carried out that point to the connection between CSR and CFP, because CEOs and managers should be aware of the possibilities created by CSR on the firms reputation and financial activities. So that firms can spend more time and money on their CSR and hence create good value for them, their stakeholders and ultimately the society. Today even countries in the developing world have started to demand bet ter working conditions and environmental safety for their environment. In countries like India people have been protesting against big companies for their discrimination. For example there has been a recent outbreak of protests in India against soft drink manufacturer Coca Cola for their indiscriminate usage of underground water and also its contamination, since underground water is a major source of drinking water through wells in many parts of India. CSR is also a factor that is good for a society regardless of it being located in developed or underdeveloped countries. It is a universal phenomenon that is advantageous. This contributes to its popularity and prominence. Some countries practise CSR ideally in their manufacturing hubs located in developing and underdeveloped countries. Some others stick to bringing about local changes and prosperity. For example the constructing of a school, university or a hospital is considered as a valuable contribution to the society. The company benefits from these activities because they indeed sow the seeds for future graduates who may become skilled employees for them. Also environmental activities earn sympathy and support from local authorities who may reduce taxes and other duties for the company on the basis of their humanitarian concerns. Later on in the 1990s there were protest against companies like Nike and Shell, and since then the importance of CSR has grown significantly. In 2005 a search on Google for â€Å"corporate social responsibility† would yield 30000 sites. There are more the 15 million pages on the internet with address dimensions of CSR. This is including 100,000 pages based on corporate websites. In 2005 Amazon had more than 600 books on the subject. More than 1000 business concerns have created and adapted signed codes of conduct which clearly states their individual stand on issues such social, environmental, animal rights and human rights. The numbers of firms that issue reports on CSR initiatives have gone up to 2000 in the year 2005.in the country of United States there were more that 200 social mutual funds in 2005, and they saw their revenues increase tenfold over a span of 10 years. Global organizations, such as the United Nations, the European Union and the World Bank and the Organizat ion for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), vigorously endorse the phenomenon of CSR. These governing bodies regularly monitor, advice, and award the efforts and initiatives taken by the companies every year. In the last two decades various charitable organisations have also sprung up, which work together with companies, and aids in their activities. Previously CSR was used only to address internal business ethics and policies. Nowadays this narrow view of CSR has changed and evolved into a variety of issue. Today a companys social venture could include initiatives to uplift education, poverty, unemployment, animal rights and other basic needs for community development. Some companies pursue more specific goals like aids relief, cancer research, disability support etc. For example firms established in the automobile industry may come up with safety programmes for motorists. Today in many countries, households have the chance to invest their money in various non-monetary savings and investments. In many countries, which are listed in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), special banks offer facilities in savings account where the customers are assured that the money will be used for environmental sustainability programmes, or to help some entrepreneurs, who find it hard to get money from other institutions. The target group for these investments have generally been women and minorities. Today the impact of CSR has grown so much that people even in countries like South Africa and Brazil has the opportunity to invest their savings in socially responsible initiatives that checks the CSR of the firms in which they invest (International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2003). Many companies contribute for the conservation of the environment by finding new methods for recycling and elimination of non-biodegradable compounds etc. Therefore modern businesses have realised the increasing acceptance of socially responsible companies in the minds of people, so much so that it has become a trend to undertake social initiatives by the business enterprises. 1.3 Reason for doing good: There are many opinions that reason the indulgence of business companies in non profit initiatives. But the commonplace one would be that the companies perform good activities because good things and image are preferred by the masses. The public argue that these activities impress the investors, business analysts, business partners and the potential customers. The whole picture will look good in the companys annual reports and maybe even the company may have some luck in the courtroom and the parliament. This ultimately gives a vital boost to the companys brand image and reputation. There are many distinct and underlying advantages for business concerns. The distinct advantages clearly give the business a boost in monetary terms, hence being a direct contributor to financial performance. The underlying advantages may not directly save money for business, but they indirectly become advantageous to the business and eventually bring about financial gains thereby affecting its performance. For example Chiquita a global leader in the manufacturing of bananas decided to follow an environment friendly approach which saved them more that $5 million in 2002 compared to the year 1997. The trick behind this was the implementation of smaller quantity of agrichemicals and the adoption of a paller recycling program which actually saved them more than $3 million a year. This however was only the tip of the iceberg. Chiquita had bigger, but much more discreet advantages, by adopting a more socially responsible image. The company which was previously a target of media backlash w as going through a period of damaged company reputation which was a threat to its business functioning. They turned this around with their environment friendly approach and activities. This change in policy also created a sense of pride among the employees and helped in developing a more open and clear communication with the media. These developments will ultimately increase the financial performance of the companies by ensuring their smooth functionality. A frequently referenced study is by the University of Southwestern Louisiana, called â€Å"the effect of published reports on unethical conduct on stock prices† confirmed that publicity about unethical corporate conduct reduces stock prices for a minimum period of six months. From a truly customers point of view, it can be said that in todays marketplace there are a lot of alternative choices for customers when deciding to by a product in the criteria of product, price and distribution channels. Researchers have shown that consumers base their purchase on reputed companies, that indulge in fair trade and other sustainable business practices including concerned about the society in which they operate, provided the price and quality of the products remains similar. As an example if a consumer had an option of two products that have similar qualities and price tags, the consumer would prefer the product that was produced by a ‘greener company (green being symbolic of the community welfare and environmental efforts of the company). 1.4 Aims of the project: This project aims to answer the following issues: 1) Is there a relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of a company? In addition the relation between the size of a company and the CSR is observed. 2) If there is a relationship, is the relationship positive or negative? 3) Discuss the various relationships between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. (CSR is measured by the value taken from the Business in the Communitys Corporate Index ratings and CFP is measured by the changes in stock prices before and after being rated in the Index ratings). 4) Evaluate the relationship between CSR and CFP in the FTSE 100 companies. 1.5 Structure of the dissertation: The introduction part of this dissertation includes a description about the aims and objectives of the research and the reasons for choosing this topic. It also contains a brief insight into the background of CSR and some of the previous researches conducted on this topic. Chapter 2 discusses in detail the various studies and researches conducted on this topic from the period between 1977 until recent times. The literature review also tries to bring out various points of view of different researchers and lays the foundation for this study. Chapter 3 or the methodology section discusses the various modes of data collection used in this research to arrive at the appropriate conclusion. This research utilises the share prices of a sample of 20 companies in the FTSE-100 for representing CFP and also their comparative ratings in the BITCs Corporate Index ratings to show the value of CSR. Alternatively questionnaires were distributed to obtain some qualitative data. Then in chapter 4 comes the primary research section which uses first hand data available regarding the companies to try to find a solution to the questions imposed in this study. It also discusses the 2 styles of data collection namely positivist and phenomenological styles. Chapter 5 consists of the discussion and conclusion section to analyse and compare the previous information collected in literature review and primary data research to arrive at a final conclusion regarding the topic. The result maybe positive or negative, nevertheless a result should be arrived at as per the available information and also so that possible recommendations can be given for further references and studies. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Studies explaining the different aspects of CSR-CFP relationship: According to Peloza (2006), the CSR and CFP can be analyzed from four perspectives In the above figure show the conflicting side against the knack of CSR as a provider to the firms financial ambitions. The far left depicts the antagonists of CSR who are of the opinion that any money spend by the firm on CSR are a complete negation to the firms economic gains, whereas in the extreme right are the supporters of CSR who claims it as a supporter of the firms financial goals. In the vertical axis separates the above two different views of CSR on the basis of a long term and short term approach. The long term managerial viewpoint on CSR involves a longitudinal approach to the evaluation of the effect of social schemes and the short term is for a static, cross-sectional perspectives that directs more on immediate effect or do not openly consider the time aspect. There are various arguments against CSR that can be shown on the 1st quadrant. Margolis and Walsh projected three main categories of these objections to CSR on the basis that it clashes with the business financial motives. According to them one of the explanations that opponents of CSR give is that the firms benefit society more when they create maximum profits for their shareholders. Another opinion was that individual shareholders should be the deciders of investing in social initiatives; the firms should only focus on achieving maximum profits for its shareholders. Finally they express concern that many shareholders are not aware of the social initiatives of the firm and are not given opportunities to have their say in them. The antagonists claim that the firms may make wrong decisions regarding the allocation of resources for social responsibility and hence they are not eligible to perform it. In quick contrast to all this, quadrant 2 depicts the protagonists of CSR claiming that it helps in the realization of the firms financial objectives. Various studies were conducted in relating to this quadrant. At first a value or positive CSR is paired with a firms performance indicator such as the stock price. Then a negative amount of CSR (for example harmful waste disposal) is paired with an amount of firms financial performance. The result in each of these cases was a positive relationship between the two. This is supported by a meta-analysis conducted by Orlitzky et. al in 2003 and other various studies conducted over the past 30 years, which generally discovered a positive connection between CSR and CFP. Also negative CSR has been associated with negative impacts on share prices. For example Shell Oil Company suffered a setback in share prices after an oil spill in 2001 in Nigeria. This is caused due to the negative CSR. A large number of researchers have favoured a short- te rm view of the time factor. They argue that majority of the firms expect to get positive returns on their investments in the same year. Former Chrysler CEO Bob Eaton once said that the organizations have a common goal of getting constant year-in and year-out profits from their companies in their portfolios. They do this because the shareholders everywhere follow a common rule: â€Å"if they are not satisfied, they sell† (Reich, 1998). According to Werbel and Wortman (2000) suggest that firms use these initiatives to temporarily ward off negative media coverage. However when we consider the ability of CSR to affect CFP in a bad way, several investigators are of the opinion in extending the short term perspective to a long term one. Taking the case of quadrant 3, even though the impact of environmental regulations on the business is only a limited one, still there would be a long term effect in the form of productivity slowdown Stavins (1994). Also there is an argument that when a firm takes up a social initiative, its competitors will start to match its actions and hence it will result in a competition which will prove to be costly and a subsequent decrease in profits. The researchers say that nowadays it has become a trend among big companies so much that every large companies are expected to do some investments in socially responsible activities by their customers; hence making it as a sort of tax. Nowadays researchers are beginning to consider CSR as complimentary to CFP taking into consideration the long term perspective as depicted in quadrant 4 in the According to the researchers the social objectives need not necessarily be in conflict to the economic objectives, but rather be a supplement to it. For example if a company funds a school or university in its locality, it actually paves the way for future employees that are well educated and support and develop the companys cause and also at the same time changing the social climate in the locality for the better. Another long term advantage that companies can muster by indulging in social responsibilities is the building up of reputation. A good reputation has always been associated with positive financial returns. Bhattacharya and Sen (2004) are of the idea that CSR builds a large pool of goodwill that firms can rely upon in times of crisis. Similarly McWilliams and Siegel (2001) say that positive CSR produces a reputation that a company is reliable and honest. 2.2 CSR in stakeholder theory: Stakeholder theory suggests that a company must not only try to meet the demands of its shareholders, but also those with the lesser explicit, or implicit claims (Gornell and Shapiro, 1987). Stakeholder theory also brings to light that implicit claims like product quality are actually less costly to a firm than the demands of its shareholders which are more explicit. The low social responsibility of the company may place doubt in the minds of its shareholders about the ability of the company to fulfill its implicit claims, and hence the shareholders may demand more explicit claims which may prove costly to the company. For example if the firms manage to evade from its environmental responsibilities (dumping of waste, usage of recyclable materials, etc), the government agencies and officials may impose strict regulations like duty, fines etc on the company. These circumstances may raise doubts in the minds of implicit stakeholders, who may question its efficiency. On the contrary soci ally responsible and environmentally friendly companies may be favored by the government and they might even get a reduction or exemption from certain taxes and duties on account of their actions. 2.3 CSR as insurance cover: Another important aspect that consolidates the positive relationship between CSR and the financial outcome of a company is the conceptualization of CSR as kind of insurance for the business which is especially helpful in the time of a crisis. CSR may help the company to create a good impression among the government authorities and helps the company to evade government impositions. This is difficult to evaluate when examining the relationship between CSR and financial performance, even though it indirectly affects the financial outcome. Davidson and Worrell (1992) advocated that the losses incurred by the firm due to a dent in their reputation is much higher than the physical costs incurred from actual event itself, such as product recall. Also in the same manner Blacconiere (1997) and his co-workers conducted various studies, and found out that firms with active environmental activities had a lower reduction in market value. A research carried out around the Seattle riots in 1999 against the WTO meetings came up with two conclusions. The research was conducted on 400 firms across a cross section of firms and found out that firstly there is a noticeable industry effect where companies with negative CSR ratings suffered incrementally over companies from neutral industries. They also concluded that once the industry effect has been removed, the positive outcome of the CSR ‘insurance is distinct. Specifically companies that had negative CSR had to undergo a stock market decline of double the times that of companies that were known for the CSR activities. Researchers have previously argued that firms with good name and status can overcome crises. For example is the Tylenol tampering in the 1980s, were Johnson Johnson suffered lesser economic problems, when compared with companies with bad reputation (Fombrun, et al. 1996). Fombrun (2001) also says that reputations have considerable concealed value that acts as a storage house of goodwill. During the time of crises they act to minimise the moral and financial damage to the company. Jones et al. (2000) have conducted a study taking taken a large number of companies to find out if their reputations can help them during a crisis. They discovered that firms in the better part of the Fortune Magazines annual survey of the ‘Most Admires Firms in America experienced lower market valuation losses in the stock market plunge that took place in 1983(SP 500 went down 7 per cent on that day), than the companies that were in lower part of Fortunes ratings. The capital in socially responsible investment funds have greatly increased in the last ten years. In 1990, only seven US firms issued their annual reports citing their social performance. But by 2004, 745 of these reports were release due to the increasing pressure on the corporate managers to do so. (corporateregister.com) These developments clearly brings to light not only the incremental profits by increasing sales, but also the capability of CSR to maintain sales and stock prices in the time of crisis. 2.4 Major studies done to evaluate CSR-CFP relationship: Researchers Sandra Waddock and Samuel Graves (1997) of Boston College made a study on two aspects of the topic: (1) Whether there is a positive or negative relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of a company, or if no relationship exists at all between them. (2) If the exists a relationship then, whether the financial performance was due to the previous practises of CSR or if CSR was a succession as a result of high financial performance. Waddock and Graves (1997) utilised the data collected from and independent research organization. The data was collected of all the companies in the SP 500. The data was calculated for each companys CSR performance based on a rating scale that integrated eight important attributes of CSR namely environment performance, staff diversity, staff relations, community relations, product features, military contracts and involvement in South Africa. The above attributes were then ranked according to their relative significance. This scaling method involving eight aspects of community welfare solved the problem of measuring the largely diverse CSR activities, which was faced by previous researchers. Waddock and Graves studied the links between CSR and CFP of 469 firms during the year 1989 through 1990. The firms were from different sectors of business industries including hospitals, aerospace, mining, publishing and utilities. The study made use of different figures of finance like return on assets (ROA), return on sales (ROS) and return on equity (ROE). The analysing of data from two consecutive years meant that the duo researchers could test the slack resources theory, which tests if better CFP leads to a better CSR in the consecutive year. The theory which finds out if a good CSR leads to improved financial performance, was called the good management theory. This theory was studied with CSR data in the year 1990 and compared with the CFP figures of 1991, therefore with a time lag of one year. The following results were unearthed from the survey: (1) The slack resources theory was found to be true. CSR of the firms were increased by the precedent financial success of the firms. (2) The good management theory was also proved as fine CSR activities contributed to the firms financial performance when measured using ROS and ROA. They came to the conclusion that the correlation between CSR and CFP can be attributed to a virtuous circle, in which both of them are mutually correlated. It is difficult to predict whether the cycle starts with CSR or CFP, but it is evident in the investigation that they are mutually correlated. Meta-Analysis: A prominent study conducted by Marc Orlitzky and Frank L. Schmidt titled â€Å"Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis,† was awarded the Moskowitz Price by the Social Investment Forum. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate social performance. The research was conducted by examining 52 studies that were published between 1972 and 1997, that contained a total of 33,878 observations. This Meta analysis utilises statistics to evaluate results of each different studies and adjust for the statistical errors. The Orlitzky Meta analysis concentrates on four major hypotheses: (1) In various industries and study contexts, CSR and CFP are normally positively linked. (2) Between CSR and CFP there is a bi-directional causality. (3) CSR is positively connected with CFP because of two reasons: (i) CSR boosts managerial proficiencies and organizational efficiency and supplies to knowledge about the companys political, technological, social, market, and other environments. (ii) A positive status and goodwill is created among the companys external stakeholders through CSR. (4) Most of the differences in results of some studies are due to statistical or methodological errors. The researchers then selected studies that carried out a quantitative assessment of the connection between CFP and CSR by taking into account at least one characteristic of firms economic performance, and met the given description of CSR. The CFP in this study is calculated by dividing into three forms namely accounting based, where accounting outcomes determine a firms efficiency; market-based where the investors returns are the determinant of market value and finally the survey results that shows the subjective estimates of a firms current position. While CSR is normally measured from CSR rating indexes, social audits, CSR disclosures and the organizations codes and values. The findings of the research were phenomenal. The researchers claimed that there exists a positive relationship between CSR and CFP across various industries and other study contexts. The following were their conclusions: (1) CSR had a stronger connection with CFP when using the accounting measures of analysis than when market-based measures where used. (2) Environmental development as CSR affects CFP of a company to a lesser extent when compared with other aspects of CSR. (3) The relation between CSR and CFP could be described as a virtuous circle in which a higher CFP motivates the companies to spend more on CSR, and a good spending on CSR will allow the firms to become more successful, hence increasing their CFP. The message of the research to the managers of companies were that money spend CSR is a good investment for the development of CFP. The research also found out that the managers use CSR as a tool for building reputation as previous studies have established that there is scope for reputation development through CSR. The disadva